Ophtha Retina

Question 1

• Foot processes of Müller’s cell
• True basement membrane

Answer 1

INTERNAL LINING MEMBRANE (ILM)

Question 2

Unmyelinated ganglion cell axons

Answer 2

NERVE FIBER LAYER (NFL)

Question 3

Nuclei are multilayered in macula

Answer 3

GANGLION CELL LAYER

Question 4

Synaptic processes between bipolar and ganglion
cells, as well as amacrine with bipolar cells.

Answer 4

INNER PLEXIFORM LAYER

Question 5

● Outermost retinal layer
● Inner 2⁄3 of retina receives its nourishment from retinal vasculature (outer 1⁄3 from choroid)
● Contains cell bodies of bipolar, amacrine (confined to inner surface), horizontal (confined to outer surface/, and Müller’s (span from ILM [foot processes] to ELM [microvilli, which point RPE]) cells.

Answer 5

INNER NUCLEAR LAYER

Question 6

Synaptic processes between photoreceptors and dendritic processes of bipolar cells

Answer 6

OUTER PLEXIFORM LAYER

Question 7

Photoreceptor cell bodies and nuclei

Answer 7

OUTER NUCLEAR LAYER

Question 8

Interconnects photoreceptors cells to Müller’s cell

Answer 8

EXTERNAL LIMITING MEMBRANE (ELM)

Question 9

● Extends from macula to ora serrata (outside), nonpigmented epithelium is contiguous with pars plana.
● Defined as any area of the retina with a single layer of ganglion cells

Answer 9

PERIPHERAL RETINA

Question 10

● Area of retina in which ganglion cell layer is >1 cell thick (5-6mm in diameter).
● Centered 4mm temporal and 0.8mm inferior to optic nerve
● High level of carotenoids (100-1000x more than anywhere else) - lutein (antioxidant) and zeaxanthin (light screening)

Answer 10

MACULA

Question 11

● Central depression of the inner retinal surface (1.5 mm in diameter) within the macula.

Answer 11

FOVEA

Question 12

Mechanisms to Prevent Foveal Detachment

Answer 12

1. Microvilli of RPE
   - Surround tips of photoreceptors
2. Viscous Mucopolysaccharides
   - Bathe photoreceptors and RPE
3. Intraocular Pressure

Question 13

● Central area of fovea (350 μm in diameter)
● Absence of ganglion cells and other nucleated cells
● Avascular

Answer 13

FOVEOLA

Question 14

Tight junctions (made by the zonula occludens) between retinal vascular endothelial cells.

Answer 14

INNER BARRIER

Question 15

Tight junctions between RPE cells

Answer 15

OUTER BARRIER

Question 16

● Superficial
● Blood tracks along NFL

Answer 16

FLAME OR SPLINTER

Question 17

● Deep
● Blood is confined by axons oriented perpendicular to bruch’s membrane.

Answer 17

BLOT OR DOT

Question 18

● Sub-ILM
- Hemorrhagic detachment of ILM

● Sub-Hyaloid
- Blood between ILM and posterior hyaloid

Answer 18

BOAT SHAPED (SCAPHOID)

Question 19

● Sub-RPE (located underneath the retinal pigment epithelium)
● Can be confused with choroidal melanoma

Answer 19

DARK HEMORRHAGE

Question 20

Monolayer of hexagonal cells with apical microvilli and basement membrane at base.

Answer 20

RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM

Question 21

Permeable to small molecules

Answer 21

BRUCH’S MEMBRANE

Question 22

● Branching neural cells in retina and CNS
● Proliferation → gliosis
● Cells of origin for optic nerve glioma
● Provide structural support to optic nerve and retina
● Contribute to nourishment of neuronal elements

Answer 22

ASTROCYTES

Question 23

● Modified astrocytes
● Footplates form ILM, nuclei in inner nuclear layer
● Provide skeletal support

Answer 23

MULLER’S CELLS

Question 24

505 nm

Answer 24

RHODOPSIN

Question 25

575 nm

Answer 25

ERYTHROLABE

Question 26

545 nm

Answer 26

CHLOROLABE

Question 27

445 nm

Answer 27

CYANOLABE

Question 28

● Contains taller RPE cells and rich in xanthophyll pigment (blocks choroidal fluorescence during fluorescein angiography)

Answer 28

FOVEA

Question 29

Supplies retina internally (MLM to ILM)

Answer 29

CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY

Question 30

Supplies retina externally (MLM to RPE)

Answer 30

CHORIOCAPILLARIS