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Checkride Prep > Operations Of Systems > Flashcards

Operations Of Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four main control services and what are their functions?

A

Elevators control pitch
aileron control roll
Rudder control yaw
trim tabs enable the pilot to release manual pressure on the primary control

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2
Q

How are the various flight controls operated?

A

The flight control surfaces are manually actuated through use of either a rod or cable system. the control wheel actuates the ailerons and elevator and the Rudder brake/pedals actuate the rudder

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3
Q

What are flaps and what is their function?

A

Wingflaps are movable panels on the inboard trailing edges of the wings. They are hinged so that they may be extended downward into the flow of air beneath the wings to increase both lift and drag the purpose is to permit the slower airspeed and a steeper angle of descent during the landing approach in some cases, they may also be used to shorten the takeoff distance

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4
Q

Describe the landing gear system on this airplane

A

The landing gear consists of a tricycle type system utilizing two main wheels and a steerable nose wheel. tubular spring steel main gear struts provide main gear shock absorption, while on nose gear shop shock absorption is provided by a combination air/oil shock strut

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5
Q

Describe the breaking system on this aircraft

A

Hydraulically actuated disc type brakes are utilized on each main gear wheel. The hydraulic line connects each brake to a master cylinder located on each pilot Rudder pedals by applying pressure to the top of either the pilot or the copilot set of Rudder petals the brakes may be applied.

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6
Q

What type of hydraulic fluid does your aircraft use and what color is it?

A

Refer to your POH/AM, a mineral based hydraulic fluid is most widely used type for small aircraft. It has odor similar to penetrating oil and is dyed red

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7
Q

What type of engine does your aircraft have?

A

A normally aspirated, direct drive, air cooled, horizontally opposed, four-cylinder, overhead valve, carbureted engine. The engine is manufactured by Lycoming and rated at 108 hp.

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8
Q

What four strokes must occur in each cylinder of a typical four stroke engine in order for it to produce full power

A

Intake compression power and exhaust

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9
Q

What is the purpose of a carburetor?

A

Carburetion may be defined as the process of mixing fuel and air in the correct proportions so as to form a combustible mixture, the carburetor vaporizes liquid fuel into smaller particles than mixes it with air and measures the airflow and meters fuel accordingly

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10
Q

Explain how the carburetor heat system operates

A

Carburetor heat valve control by the pilot allows unfiltered heated air from a shroud, located around an exhaust riser or muffler to be directed into the induction air manifold prior to the carburetor. Carburetor Heat should be used anytime suspected or known carburetor icing conditions exist.

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11
Q

How is steering accomplished on the ground?

A

Light airplanes were generally provided with a nose wheel steering capabilities through a simple system of mechanical linkage connected to the Rudder pedals

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12
Q

What change occurs to the fuel/air mixture when applying carburetor heat

A

Normally, the introduction of heated air into the carburetor will result in a richer mixture. Warm air is less dense resulting in less air for the same amount of fuel. use of carburetor heat can cause a decrease in power of up to 15%.

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13
Q

What is the purpose of throttle control?

A

Throttle allows the pilot to manually control the amount of fuel/air charge entering the cylinders, this in turn regulates engine, speed, and power

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14
Q

What is the purpose of mixture control?

A

Regulates the fuel to air ratio. All airplane engines incorporate a device called a mixture control by which the fuel/air ratio can be controlled by the pilot during flight. The purpose of a mixture control is to prevent the mixture becoming too rich at high altitudes, due to decreasing air density. It is also used to lean the mixture during cross country flights to conserve fuel and provide optimum power.

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15
Q

What type of ignition system does your airplane have?

A

Engine ignition is provided by 2 engine driven magnetos and two spark plugs per cylinder. The ignition system is completely independent of the aircraft electrical system. The magnetos are engine driven self-contained units, supplying electrical current without using an external source of current. However, before they produce current, the magnetos must be actuated as the engine crankshaft is rotated by some other means to accomplish this the aircraft battery furnishes electrical power to operate a starter through a series of gears, rotates the engine crankshaft. This in turn actuates the armature of a magneto to produce the spark ignition of the fuel cylinder. After the engine starts the starter system is disengaged the battery no longer contributes to the actual operation of this engine.

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16
Q

What are the two main advantages of a dual ignition system?

A

1 increase safety in case one system fails. The engine may be operated on the other until a landing is safely made.
2 more complete and even combustion of the mixture and consequently improved engine performance

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17
Q

What type of fuel system does your aircraft have?

A

Fuel system is a gravity feed system. Using gravity, the fuel flows from two wing fuel tanks to a fuel shut off valve that in the ON position, allows fuel to flow through a strainer than to the carburetor. From there, the fuel is mixed with air and then flows into the cylinders through the intake manifold tubes.

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18
Q

What type of fuel system does your aircraft have?

A

Fuel system is a gravity feed system. Using gravity, the fuel flows from two wing fuel tanks to a fuel shut off valve that in the ON position, allows fuel to flow through a strainer than to the carburetor. From there, the fuel is mixed with air and then flows into the cylinders through the intake manifold tubes.

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19
Q

What purpose do the fuel tank vents have?

A

As the fuel level in an aircraft fuel tank decreases, a vacuum would be created within the tank, which would eventually result in a decreasing fuel flow and finally engine stoppage. Fuel system venting provides a way of replacing fuel with outside air, preventing formation of a vacuum.

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20
Q

Does your aircraft use a fuel pump?

A

No, the fuel is transferred from the wings to the carburetor by a gravity fed system

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21
Q

Type of fuel does your aircraft require

A

The approved fuel grade used is 100 LL and the color is blue.

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22
Q

If a non-turbine piston engine powered airplane is accidentally fueled with jet a fuel, will it start

A

Yes. Reciprocating engines may run briefly on jet fuel, but detonation and overheating will soon cause power failure.

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23
Q

What is the function of the manual primer and how does it operate?

A

Manual primers main function is to provide assistance in starting the engine. The primer draws fuel from the fuel strainer and injects it directly into the cylinder intake port. This usually result in a quicker more efficient engine start.

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24
Q

Describe the electrical system on your aircraft

A

Electrical energy is provided by a 28 Volt, direct current system powered by an engine driven 60 amp alternator and a 24 volt battery

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25
Q

How are the circuits for the various electrical accessories within the aircraft protected?

A

Most of the electrical circuits in the airplane are protected from an overload condition by either circuit breakers or fuses, or both. circuit breakers perform the same function as fuses, except that when overload occurs, the circuit breaker can be reset

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26
Q

The electrical system provides power for what equipment in the plane

A

Normally the following radio equipment, turn coordinator, fuel, gauges, pitot heat, landing light, taxi light, strobe lights, instrument lights, position, lights, flaps, oil temperature gauge

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27
Q

What Does the ammeter indicate?

A

Indicates the flow of current in amperes, from the alternator to the battery or from the battery to the electrical system. With the engine running, and the master switch on, the ammeter will indicate the charging rate to the battery if the alternator has gone off-line and is no longer functioning, or the electrical load exceeds the output of the alternator, the ammeter indicates the discharge rate of the battery.

28
Q

What function does the voltage regulator have?

A

The voltage regulator is a device which monitors system voltage, detect changes, and makes it require adjustments in the output of the alternator to maintain a constant regulated system voltage. It must do this at a low RPM such as during taxi as well as high RPM in flight

29
Q

Why is the generator/alternator voltage output slightly higher higher than the battery voltage

A

The difference in voltage keeps the battery charged

30
Q

How does the aircraft cabin heat work?

A

Fresh air, heated by an exhaust shroud, is directed to the cabin through a series of ducts

31
Q

What are the five basic functions of aircraft engine oil?

A

Lubricates the engines moving parts, cools the engine by reducing friction, removes heat from the cylinders, provides a seal between cylinder walls and pistons, cleans by carrying off metal and carbon particles and other oil contaminants

32
Q

What causes carburetor icing and what are the first indications of its presence?

A

The vaporization of fuel combined with the expansion of air as it passes through the carburetor causes a sudden cooling of the mixture. For airplanes with a fixed pitch propeller the first indication of carburetor icing is a loss of RPM.

33
Q

What method is used to determine that carburetor ice has been eliminated

A

When heat is first applied, there will be a drop in RPM and airplanes equipped with a fixed pitch propeller. If ice is present, there will be a rise in RPM after the initial drop often accompanied by intermittent engine roughness and then when the carb heat is turned off the RPM or will rise into a second greater than that before the application of heat.

34
Q

What conditions are favorable for carb icing?

A

Carburetor ice is most likely to occur when temperatures are below 70°F and the relative humidity is above 80%. Icing occur with temperatures as high as 100°F Fahrenheit and humidity as low as 50%.

35
Q

Defined the terms, anti-icing equipment and deicing equipment and state several examples of each

A

Anti-icing equipment prevent ice from forming uncertain protected services. Examples are heated pitot tubes and static ports, carb heat, heated fuel vents, propeller blades with electrothermal boots

Deicing equipment removes ice that is already formed on protected services. It is generally limited to pneumatic boots on the wing and tail leading edges.

36
Q

If a plane has anti-icing and/or deicing equipment installed can be flown into icing conditions

A

Even though it may appear elaborate and complete the presence of anti-icing and deicing equipment does not necessarily mean an airplane is approved for flight and icing conditions

37
Q

What is detonation?

A

Detonation is an uncontrolled explosive ignition of the fuel/air mixture within the cylinders combustion chamber. It causes excessive temperature and pressure which, if not corrected can quickly lead to failure of the piston, cylinder, or valves. In less severe cases detonation causes engine, overheating, roughness, or loss of power. Detonation is characterized by high cylinder, head temperatures, and is most likely to occur when operating at high power settings.

38
Q

What are some of the most common operational causes of detonation?

A

Using a lower fuel grade than specified by the aircraft manufacturer, operating the engine at high power settings with an excessively lean mixture, extended ground operations or steep climbs where cylinder cooling is reduced

39
Q

What is preignition?

A

Preignition occurs when the fuel/air mixture ignites prior to the engines normal ignition event, resulting in reduced engine power and high operating temperatures. Premature burning is usually caused by a residual hotspot in the combustion chamber often created by a small carbon deposit on a spark plug, a cracked spark plug insulator, or other damage in the cylinder that causes a part of the heat sufficiently to ignite the fuel/air charge.

40
Q

What actions should be taken if preignition is suspected

A

Reduce power, reduce the climb rate for better cooling, enrich the fuel/air mixture

41
Q

During the before takeoff run up, you switched the magnetos from both position to the right position and noticed that there is no RPM drop. What condition does this indicate?

A

The left P lead is not grounding, or the engine has been running only on the right magneto because the left magneto has totally failed

42
Q

What action should be taken is the ammeter indicates a continuous discharge while in-flight

A

The alternator has quit producing a charge so the alternator circuit breaker should be checked and reset if necessary if this is not correct, the problem the following should be accomplished:
The alternator should be turned off pull the circuit breaker
All electrical equipment not essential to flight should be turned off
The flight should be terminated and the landing, made as soon as possible

43
Q

What action should be taken of the ammeter indicates continuous discharge while in flight

A

If a continuous excessive rate of charge were allowed for any extended period of time the battery would overheat and evaporate the electrolyte at an excessive rate a possible explosion of the battery could result if this should occur the following should be done:
The alternator should be turned off pull the circuit breaker
all electrical equipment nonessential to flight should be turned off
The flight should be terminated and a landing made as soon as possible

44
Q

During cross country flight, you’ve noticed that the oil pressure is low, but the oil temperature is normal. What is the problem and what action should be taken?

A

Low oil pressure and could be result of anyone of several problems the most common being bad insufficient oil. If the oil temperature continues to remain normal, a clogged oil, pressure, relief valve or an oil pressure gauge malfunction can be the culprit. In any case, a landing at the nearest airport is advisable to check for the cause of trouble.

45
Q

What procedures should be followed concerning partial loss of power in flight

A

Establish best glide, then select an emergency landing area and remain within gliding distance as time allows attempt to determine the cause and correct it
Check the carburetor heat
Check the fuel selector valves current position
Check the mixture control
Check that the primer control is all the way in and locked
Check the operation of the magnetos in all three positions

46
Q

What procedure should be followed if an engine fire develops in flight

A

Set the mixture control to idle off
Set the fuel selector valve to off
Turn the master switch off
Set the cabin, heat and air vents to off leave the overhead vents on
Establish an airspeed of 100 kn and increase the descent of necessary to find an airspeed that will provide for an incombustible mixture
Execute a forced landing procedures, checklist

47
Q

What instruments operate off the pitot/static system?

A

Altimeter, vertical speed, and airspeed indicator

48
Q

How does an altimeter work

A

A sensitive altimeter is an aneroid barometer that measures the absolute pressure of the ambient air and displays in terms of feet above selected pressure level. The sensitive element in a sensitive altimeter is a stack of evacuated corrugated bronze aneroid capsules. The air pressure acting on these aneroid tries to compress them against their natural spring, which tries to expand them. The result is that their thickness changes as air pressure changes.

49
Q

What are the limitations of a pressure altimeter

A

On a warm day, the pressure level is higher than on the standard day. The altimeter indicates lower than actual altitude.
On a cold day, the pressure level is lower than on a standard day. The altimeter indicates higher than actual altitude.

50
Q

How does the airspeed indicator operate?

A

The airspeed indicator is a sensitive differential pressure gauge which measures the difference between impact pressure from the head and undisturbed atmospheric pressure from the static source. The difference is registered by the airspeed pointer on the face of the instrument Improvers

51
Q

What is the limitation of the airspeed indicator?

A

The airspeed indicator is subject to proper flow of air in the pitot static system

52
Q

How does the vertical speed indicator work?

A

The vertical speed indicator is a pressure differential instrument. inside The instrument case is an aneroid very much like the one in the airspeed indicator both the inside of the aneroid, and the inside of the instrument case are vented to the system, but the case is vented through a calibrated orifice causes the pressure inside the case to change more slowly than the pressure inside the aneroid

53
Q

What are the limitations of the vertical speed indicator?

A

The vertical speed indicator is not accurate until the aircraft is stabilized sudden or abrupt changes in an aircraft attitude will cause erroneous instrument readings as airflow fluctuates over the static port, both rough control technique and turbulent air result in unreliable needle indications

54
Q

What instruments contain gyroscopes?

A

The turn coordinator, the heading indicator, and the attitude indicator

55
Q

What are two fundamental properties of a gyroscope?

A

Rigidity in space - a gyroscope remains in a fixed position in the plane, which is spinning
Procession - the tilting or turning of a Gyro in response to deflective force reaction to this force does not occur at the point where it was applied rather it occurs at a point that is 90° later in the direction of rotation

56
Q

What are the various power sources that may be used to power the gyroscopic instruments in an airplane?

A

In some airplanes, all of the gyros are vacuum, pressure, or electrically operated in others, vacuum or precious systems, provide the power for the heading and attitude indicators while the electrical system provides the power for the turn coordinator

57
Q

What action should be taken if detonation is suspected

A

Dead nation may be avoided by following these basic guidelines during the various phases of ground and flight operations
A. Ensure that the proper grade of fuel is used.
B. Use an enriched fuel mixture as well as a shallow climb ankle to increase cylinder, cooling during takeoff and initial climb.
C. Avoid extended, high-power, steep climbs.
D. Develop the habit of monitoring engine instruments to verify proper operation.

58
Q

What is absolute altitude?

A

The vertical distance of an aircraft above the terrain

59
Q

What is indicated altitude?

A

The altitude read directly from the altimeter uncorrected after it is set to the current altimeter setting

60
Q

What is pressure altitude?

A

The altitude when the Colesman’s window is adjusted to 29.92. Pressure altitude is used for computer solutions to determine density altitude, true altitude, true airspeed, etc..

61
Q

What is true altitude

A

The true vertical distance of the aircraft above sea level

62
Q

What is density altitude?

A

Pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temperature variations, directly related to an aircraft takeoff, climb and landing performance

63
Q

What is indicated airspeed?

A

The speed of the airplane as observed on the airspeed indicator

64
Q

What is calibrated airspeed?

A

The airspeed indicator reading corrected for position and instrument errors

65
Q

What is true airspeed

A

Calibrated airspeed corrected for altitude and non-standard temperature

Checkride Prep (3 decks)

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