Operations Flashcards
ICAO Annex 6
Specifically part I of annex 6, deals with operators authorised to conduct international commercial air transport.
EU OPS 1 (regulation 3922/91) derives from this.
Definition of commercial operator
Transportation of people, cargo or mail for remuneration.
NOT military work, search & rescue, …
Air Ops Regulation annexes:
I - Definitions
II - Part ARO
III - Part ORO
IV - Part CAT
V - Part SPA
[VI - Part NCC
VII - Part NCO
VIII - Part SPO]
[VI to VIII outside syllabus]
I - Definitions
II - ARO - Authority requirements
III - ORO - Organisational requirements
IV - CAT - Commercial Air Transport
V - SPA - Specific Approvals
[VI - NCC - Non-commercial complex
VII - NCO - Non-commercial non-complex
VIII - SPO - Specialised operations]
Acceptance checklist
Document used to help perform an external check of dangerous goods
Adult vs child vs infant
Adult is 12 years old or above
Child is 2 to 11 years old
Infant under 2 years old
Flight dispatch officer
NOT licensed.
Typically assist with flight prep (NOTAMs, met, route info, company notices), flight plan prep, providing information during flight and assisting during emergency.
Must NOT conflict with ATC, met or comms services.
Inexperienced flight crew
Can have only one on board.
To become “experienced” require either:
i) 100 hours & 10 sectors within 120 consecutive days; or
ii) 150 hours & 20 sectors (no time limit).
PIC route knowledge
- requirement
- exception
PIC needs to maintain route knowledge by flying route (or to aerodrome) every 12 months.
This does NOT apply to class B in daytime VFR.
CPL(A) acting as PIC on single pilot aeroplane
- VFR (over 50nm)
- IFR
i) For VFR outside a 50NM radius, need 500 hours flight time OR valid instrument rating (unless class B VFR daytime).
ii) For IFR, need 700 hours of which 400 as PIC (can substitute co-pilot time at 2 to 1). Of which 100 hours IFR and (for ME) 40 hours multi-engine.
In-flight relief pilot differences
- Captain
- Co-pilot
PIC can be relieved by another commander, or above FL200 an ATPL with conversion/type training, recurrent checking and route/aerodrome competence.
[Q - “Delegate conduct of the flight”]
Co-pilot can be relieved by a similar pilot or above FL200 a CPL/IR, with conversion & recurrent training but DOESN’T need TO/L training.
Taxi pilot requirements
Any personnel suitably trained and briefed (on aerodrome layout, signs, markings, ATC instructions).
Flight engineers
If required by the AFM, need one with a Flight Engineers (FE) license.
Navigators
ICAO annex 6 says if the state of operator decides flight can’t be safely conducted by pilots only, need a navigator.
EASA doesn’t mention this.
When are 2 pilots required?
Under IFR or at night
(for jets and turbo-props with MOPSC > 9)
Single pilot requirements
- IFR
- 50hrs flight time of which 10 PIC
In last 90 days in relevant class as single pilot: - 5 IFR flights with 3 instrument approaches; or
- an IFR instrument approach check
Single pilot requirements
- Night
- 15 hours of flight at night
In last 90 days in relevant class as single pilot: - 3 TOLs at night; or
- night TOL check
Conversion training
- what events is it required for?
Required whenever pilot starts with:
- new operator
- new aircraft type or
- new role.
Includes the type rating to EASA standards when requried.
Differences training vs Familiarisation training
- What is involved
Familiarisation training is acquisition of additional knowledge ONLY.
Differences training requires acquisition of knowledge AND training on appropriate training device or the aircraft.
Differences training vs Familiarisation training
- When is each used
Familiarisation is for another aircraft (may read VERSION of aircraft) of the same type or a SIGNIFICANT equipment change.
Differences training required for significant equipment change, another VARIANT of same type or another type of same class.
Conversion course components (6)
Groundschool + Type rating exam
Emergency & safety equipment training
Sim training on type
Operator Proficiency Check (OPC)
Line training (LIFUS)
Line Proficiency Check (LPC)
Flying other classes during conversion course
No flight duties or other class/types allowed to be flown during conversion courses.
Maximum multiple types
- 3 piston engine types;
- 3 turbo-prop types;
Otherwise 1 of each thing: - 1 turbo-prop & 1 piston; or
- 1 turbo-prop & 1 jet
- 1 helicopter rating & 1 jet rating
Other restrictions on flying multiple types
- crew numbers
- endorsements
Minimum crew numbers must be the same for all aircraft.
Max of 2 aircraft for which separate endorsements required.
Only aircraft with one endorsement type allowed in any flight duty period.
Flying from either seat
This is allowed (i.e. captain sometimes, co-pilot others) provided all requirements are met
Validity periods
- OPC
- Line check
- Ground training
- Route & aerodrome
OPC - 6 months
[Specialised OPC - 12 months]
Line check - 12 months
Ground training - 12 months
Route & aerodrome - 12 months
[Take within last 3 months of period to get extension from previous expiry]
[Valid until LAST day of the month!]
Emergency & safety equipment training validity
12 months
Covers all safety equipment each year, but every 3 years more practical training (using slides, using fire extinguishers, operating exits, smoke) is required
CRM training
- extra subject if no atpl
- time period over which all topics covered
Need human factors theory course if no ATPL.
All CRM topics must be included in training over 3 years.
When must CRM training be complete by?
Before unsupervised line flying.
Can be after line training, base training etc.
Recency
- General rules
- Extra for PIC
1) PIC & co-pilot need 3 TOLs in last 90 days in the type/class (or FFS of type/class). [SIM OK!]
2) PIC @ night also needs an IR and 1 TOL at night in type/class (or FFS of type/class) in last 90 days.
90 days up to 120 days if under supervision of type rating instructor or examiner.
Recency
- Cruise pilot rules
Either meet the main rules (3 TOLs in 90 days) or:
i) 3 sectors in last 90 days as cruise pilot (in same type/class); or
ii) Recency & refresher training in type/class (or FFS of type class) every 90 days.
Aerodrome competence
- General
Aerodromes classified as A, B or C (A are the easiest).
Operations manual should specify qualifications to be class A and a list of the B & C aerodromes.
Aerodrome competence
- Class A
Need:
- An approved instrument approach
- A runway with no performance limited procedure for TO and/or L
- Published circling minima <=1000ft AAL
- Night operations
Aerodrome competence
- Class B
Either doesn’t meet class A criteria or has other complicated factors such as:
- non-standard approach aids or patterns
- unusual local weather conditions
- unusual characteristics or performance limitations
Need to be briefed or self-briefed and certify you have done this.
Aerodrome competence
- Class C
More difficult than class C and require a visit there as an observer and instruction in approved flight simulator.
e.g. London City, Salzburg, Innsbruck
Minimum number of cabin crew
At least one for MOPSC > 19 with at least 1 passenger.
In general need:
1 crew member for every 50 (or fraction of 50) passenger SEATS on a given deck.
OR the number per the certification process
Factors of a flight impacting minimum cabin crew numbers (4)
- Doors (Number, types, location, actions required when in charge of door pairs)
- Location of cabin crew stations
- Actions required in ditching
- Type and duration of flight
[NOT experience, although ensuring appropriate experience of cabin crew is necessary - not all < 3 months]
Cabin crew requirements
- standard
- senior
Age 18, medically fit, initial training.
Need to be trained for a specific type of aircraft (up to 3 or 4 different ones concurrently).
Senior cabin crew need 1 years experience and further training.
Flight Duty Period
- start and end
- limits
Starts at time required to report for duty, ends when engines are shut down at the end of the last sector.
Maximum of 13 hours (without extensions).
Reduced by 30 minutes for each sector over 2 sectors (up to 2 hours).
Night Duty
Window of Circadian Low
Local Night
Night duty is any duty period encroaching on the 0200 to 0459 period.
Window of circadian low is 0200 to 0559.
Local night is 2200 to 0800.
Deduction of hours encroaching in window of circadian low
Max duty period reduced by number of hours inside WOCL.
Except limited to 2 hours deduction if starting during the WOCL.
Assumed acclimatised time zones
2 hours either side of departure time zone (home base)
Duty hours limits
- 7 days
- 14 days
- 28 days
60 in any 7 days
110 in any 14 days
190 in any 28 days
Maximum FDP
From a chart based on start time and # sectors, between 9 and 13 hours.
Biggest possible extension is 2 hours however, leading to possible length WITH EXTENSIONS of 15 hours.
Duty hours limit extensions
- by ops, with and without inflight rest
No inflight rest:
- Up to 1 hour per day, not more than twice in any 7 day period
With inflight rest:
- Specific to circumstances
[These extensions by operations, PIC due to unforseen circumstances can be 2 hours]
Considerations around extending flight duty period (FDP) due to in-flight rest (4)
- # sectors flown
- minimum in-flight rest of each crew
- type of in-flight rest
- augmentation of basic crew
Commanders discretion
- allowed extension
- minimum rest period
- reporting
To cope with UNFORSEEN CIRCUMSTANCES ONLY.
FDP increased by up to 2 hours (3 hours for augmented crew). Rest period can’t be reduced below 10 hours.
Commander must consult all crew and consider possibility of severe fatigue, write a report for any discretion (to duty or rest) over an hour. Operator must submit report to competent authority within 28 days.
Flight time limits (block hours)
- 28 days
- calendar year
- any 12 months
100 hours in 28 days
900 hours in a calendar year
1000 hours in any 12 months
Standby duty
Must be in the roster and notified in advance.
Considered on duty from reporting at reporting point to the end of notified period.
Counts as full for “DUTY PERIOD”, not “FLIGHT duty period”.
Operator must establish maximum duration of standby and impact of standby on rest of duty periods.
Reserve
Must be in the roster.
Operator must establish maximum duration and number of consecutive days that may be assigned.
Minimum rest
Greater of preceding duty period and 12 hours for home base, 10 hours for away from home.
Must always allow for an 8 hour sleep.
Air Operators Certificate (AOC)
- Issuance
- Items included (6)
Issued by competent authority in the member state of operators principal place of business, when satisfied they meet the standards.
Includes:
- Operators identification & location
- Date of issue & validity period
- Operations authorised
- Types of aircraft authorised & reg’s
- Authorised area of operation or routes
- Special authorisations/limitations
Air Operators Certificate (AOC)
- Example special authorisations
- Low visibility ops (e.g. minima)
- NAT HLA
- ETOPS
- PBN specifications
- RVSM
- Transportation of dangerous goods
- Authorisation to provide cabin crew initial training
Air Operators Certificate (AOC)
- Management Organisation
Part of approval by competent authority. Changes must be authorised before being made.
Should be suitable to operations intended (complex means >= 21 staff).
Involves documentation of processes, training, identification of safety hazards and risk approach etc.
Air Operators Certificate (AOC)
- main person
- 4 areas that need to be managed
Need an overall accountable manager responsible for ensuring regulations are met.
Need one or several persons nominated to ensure compliance in specific areas:
- Flight operations
- Crew training
- Ground operations
- Maintenance (continuing airworthiness)
[at least 2 people covering the 4 roles for complex organisation]
Air Operators Certificate (AOC)
- Safety requirements (2 roles, 2 other)
Need:
- safety manager [works FOR the board]
- safety review board [accountable manager chairs]
- safety policy
- safety management manual (may be part of a wider manual)
Who has direct safety accountability at an operator?
Accountable manager - NOT safety manager
[NOTE: non-complex operators can have an OPERATIONAL staff member looking after the safety program, e.g.
Air Operators Certificate (AOC)
- Power to inspect
Representation of the competent authority may board any operator aircraft at any time and remain on flight deck (unless commander deems safety of aeroplane would be endangered).
Operator and commander must provide any relevant documents requested.
Maintenance Quality System
- description
- record retention period
A system monitoring activities under Part-M including:
- Ensuring all activities are in accordance with required procedures;
- Ensuring all contracted maintenance is carried out in accordance with the contract; and
- Monitoring continued compliance with part-M.
[records stored for 2 years]
Air Operators Certificate (AOC)
- Required manuals
Maintenance Control manual
Operations manual
Flight Safety Document System
[Flight manual]
Flight Safety Document System
Distributes information to ALL operational personnel, has a means of checking it has been read.
Operations manual parts
Part-A: General/basic
Part-B: Aeroplane Operating matters (type related)
Part-C: Route/aerodrome information
Part-D: Training
Part-B can be substituted in part with aircraft flight manual and part-C with external route guidance info (e.g. Jeppesen).
Journey log
Single piece of paper (or equivalent) completed by PIC at end of flight including:
- Aircraft nationality & reg
- Date
- Names and assignments of crew
- Place of departure & arrival
- Time of departure & arrival
- Flight hours
- Nature of flight
- Incidents/observations
- PIC signature
Technical log
PIC enters all issues found during a sector.
Maintenance fix it or list as acceptable deferred defect (ADD) and replace pilots entry with a new one (including minimum equipment list reference).
Maintenance sign it (with required details - date, what was done) and next pilot signs to confirm acceptance.
Documents to be carried
- Certificates & licenses (6)
- Certificate of Registration
- Certificate of Airworthiness
- AOC [Certified copy]
- Noise certificate
- Radio license
- 3rd party insurance certificate
Documents to be carried
- Manuals & logs (5)
- Aircraft flight manual or equivalent
- Parts of ops manual relevant to duties of crew members
- MEL
- Journey log
- Technical log
Documents to be carried
- Flight documentation (9)
- Operational flight plan
- Filed ATS flight plan (if applicable)
- NOTAMs & AIS briefing
- Meteorological info
- Mass & balance
- Aeronautical charts
- Cargo & passenger manifests (if applic.)
- Special passenger info (if applic.)
- Special load info (if applic.)
Documents to be carried
- other (2)
- Interception info
- SAR info
Flight information that needs to be retained on the ground (5)
- Operational flight plan
- Relevant parts of technical log
- NOTAM documentation if edited by operator
- Mass and balance
- Special loads documentation
[Generally accident & incident investigation info]
Retention period for documents
- Flight data recordings
- Flight documents/data
- Recency
- Flight crew records
- Quality system
Flight data recordings: 60 days after accident
Flight documents/data: 3 months, except technical log which is 36 months.
Recency: 15 months
Fight crew: Mostly 3 years, except flight duty/rest (24 months) & recent experience (15 months).
Quality system: 5 years
Wet vs dry lease
Wet lease includes crew and is operated under lessors AOC.
Dry lease doesn’t include crew and is operated under lessees AOC.
EASA - Wet lease in and out
This means in/out from/to non-EASA operator.
Lessee of wet lease in needs to demonstrate to EASA that it meets safety standards.
Lessor of wet lease out needs to send details of lessee and the lease agreement.
Dry lease in and out
Dry lease in lessee must demonstrate to EASA that the need couldn’t be satisfied with an EU craft, duration is less than 7 months in any 12 month period and EASA regulations complied with.
Dry lease out need to coordinate with new competent authority the continued oversight and remove from the operators AOC.
Rules around sporting weapons
Must be unloaded and stored in a place that is inaccessible to passengers during flight.
Ammunition my be carried in checked baggage, subject to limitations.
Flight crew compartment security
- Requirements
- Time periods
Door must be lockable.
For MTOM >45,400kg or >60 passenger seating, needs to be lock/unlockable from both pilot seats, with a means of monitoring other side of door.
Should be closed before engine start, locked based on security procedure until shutdown (except for authorised persons to enter/exit).
Flight navigation during unlawful interference
Maintain assigned track and level if possible. If unable and can’t inform ATC:
- Try to broadcast warnings on emergency channel;
- Differ from standard flight levels by 1000ft above FL290, 500ft below
Reporting acts of unlawful interference
- whose responsibility
- who state must report to
PIC [NOT OPERATOR] must report to local authority and authority of state of operator.
Contracting state (where you land) must report to:
- State of operator
- State of registry
- State of citizens on board
- ICAO <— EXAM ANSWER!
Crew leaving stations
Flight deck crew must stay at stations unless going to toilet.
Cabin crew must be at stations during TOL.
Reporting for accidents, serious incidents and occurrences
Commander informs the operator.
Operator reports to competent authority and any other group required.
Reports ASAP, but in any case within 72 hours (unless exceptional circumstances prevent this).
Refuelling/defueling with passengers on board
NOT for avgas or wide cut (Jet B) fuel.
Require:
- Qualified person at a specific point
- Crew, staff & passengers warned
- “Fasten seat belt” off
- “No smoking” on
- Instruct passengers belt off, no smoking
- Sufficient qualified crew on board
- Stop if fuel vapour detected
- Ground around emergency exits clear
- 2 way comms
When must seatbelts be worn?
Flight crew: Whenever at their station
Passengers: TOL, taxi & when commander decides
When must flight crew wear full harnesses?
Take-off
Landing
When PIC deems necessary
Equipment not part of MEL
- Fuses
- Portable lights
- Accurate time piece
- Chart holders
- Child restraints
- Survival/signalling equipment
- First aid & emergency kits
- Megaphones
- Sea anchors/mooring eqpt.
MMEL
Master MEL
Created by designer of the type (aircraft) and state of the designer, listing items one or more of which may be unserviceable during flight. May be associated with limitations.
MEL is based off the MMEL
MEL requirements (rectification)
Not less restrictive than the MMEL (including rectification intervals).
For operation after rectification interval (assuming not fixed) need approval from authority for an extension, which should be for purpose of rectification due to events beyond operators control.
Requirement to use MMEL instead of MEL
Approval of competent authority
When during flight is MEL referred to?
Before taxy
After taxy the “Abnormal and Emergency procedures” in the operations manual is referred to instead.
megaphones
1: 61 to 99 MOPSC
2: 100+ MOPSC
Flight data recorder in event of incident (3)
- Must not be intentionally erased
- Must be deactivated immediately after flight is completed
- Reactivated only with agreement of investigating authority
Which aircraft need a flight data recorder (FDR)?
< 1/6/90: Turbine >5700kg
1/6/90-1/4/98: All planes >5700kg
> 1/4/98: Add multi-engine turbines with MOPSC >9
FDR data
- type of items
- recording time
Parameters to determine flight path, speed, attitude, engine power and configuration.
Generally for 25 hours.
Lightweight Flight Recorder
From 5/9/22 turbines >2250kg and other aircraft with MOPSC > 9, if they aren’t covered by FDR rules need a 5 hour lightweight data recorder.
It must also start automatically before moving under own power and shutdown when no longer capable of moving under own power.
Flight Data Monitoring Programme
- relevant aircraft
- responsible person
For >27000kg aircraft.
Flight safety manager is responsible.
Should be non-punitive but contain safeguards to protect data.
Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR)
- Which aircraft?
- Recording time
- Type of device
- Power
For >5700kg aircraft
Same as FDR aircraft.
2 hours, except >27000kg since 2022 now 25 hours.
Must be solid state, not tape or magnetic.
Large craft need a 10 minute automatic alternative power source.
Locating FDR & CVR
- deployable
- non deployable
Deployable: Automatic emergency locater transmitter
Not Deployable: Device to assist with underwater locating (90 days battery)
Number of first aid kits
1 per 100 people (or part of), up to maximum of 6.
Emergency medical kit
- contents
- when required
Extra medical supplies (eg strong painkillers only to be administered by qualified medic) required if >30 seats and >60 minute flying time from any aerodrome with medical assistance.
Fire extinguishers
- Flight deck
- Other specific areas
- # hand held ones
- Flight deck needs 1 for electrical & liquid and 1 halon 1211/BCF.
- 1 for each galley and accessible baggage/cargo compartments (A/B/E).
- For # passengers seats:
7-30: 1
31-60: 2
61-200: 3
Add 1 per 100 up to max 8
Crash axes/crowbars
> 5700kg or MOPSC > 9
- 1 in the flight deck.
- MOPSC > 200 need another (hidden) at rear.
Protective Breathing Equipment
- when required
- flight crew need
- cabin crew need
- additional
> 5700kg or MOPSC > 19
- PBE & 15 mins oxygen for flight crew
- PBE & 15 mins gas for cabin crew (if no cabin crew a portable PBE for 1 flight crew)
- Additional PBE next to handheld extinguishers for class A/B/E
Break-in points
- Colour
- Distances
Marked on outside of craft (ideally on white background) in red or yellow.
If corners are over 2m apart, need intermediate dashed lines 3cm by 9cm.
Lifejackets
- When are they required?
- Who for?
Flying >50NM from shore or when TO/L over water and likelihood of ditching.
1 for each passenger
Infants can have “individual flotation device” instead.
Additional seaplane requirement
Equipment for making sound signals (international rules for preventing collision at sea).
Sea anchor or drogue.
Emergency Locator Transmitters (ELT)
- Number & type required
- Requirement
MOPSC > 19:
1 automatic, 1 other
[pre-2008 1 auto or 2 other]
MOPSC <=19:
1 automatic
[pre-2008 1 other]
Simultaneous 121.5 & 406 MHz.
Life rafts
- When required
- Requirements
If 30 mins cruise or 100NM from shore (SEP) [120mins cruise or 400NM multi-engine]
Must be able to carry everybody on board if the biggest one fails
Need 2 ELTs, locator light and life saving equipment
[NOTE: 120 mins is at CRUISE SPEED not 1 engine out speed]
Emergency escape slides
- When required
- Requirements
Required if sills >6ft high
Need inflate within 10 seconds into a 25kt headwind
Land survival equipment
- When required
- Exemption rules
Required for flights in areas where S&R is limited.
Exempt:
CS25 within 90 mins of emergency landing site;
Within 30min (120min CE) of good S&R area.
Oxygen
- Non-pressurised aircraft
All flight crew for time over 10,000ft
Flight crew & passengers for time over 13,000ft
Cabin crew & 10% of passengers for anything over 30 mins between 10,000 and 13,000ft
Oxygen
- Pressurised aircraft - Flight & cabin crew
- Entire time over 13,000ft
- Time between 10,000ft and 13,000ft less the first 30 minutes
Subject to minimum of 30 minutes (increasing to 2 hours for FLIGHT crew if certified to fly over 25,000ft).
Oxygen
- Pressurised aircraft - Passengers
> 15,000ft: All passengers (at least 10 mins)
14-15,000ft: 30% of passengers
10-14,000ft: 10% of passengers (after first 30 mins)
First aid oxygen
- When required
- Amount required
For flights over FL250.
First aid oxygen for 2% of passengers for remainder of flight between 8,000 and 15,000ft. At least 2 units.
First aid oxygen
- Flow rate (litres/min)
3 litres/min
Oxygen
- Number of oxygen masks in pressurised aircraft
110% of number of seats
Altitude at which flight crew oxygen masks deliver 100% oxygen
32,000ft
When must the PIC use the limitations in the MEL?
Before taxiing
Times of useful consciousness
- 20,000ft
- 30,000ft
- 35,000ft
- 40,000ft
20,000ft: 10 mins
30,000ft: 2 mins
35,000ft: 45 secs
40,000ft: 15 secs
Communications systems requirements
- IFR vs VFR
IFR (or VFR over routes that can’t be navigated using visual landmarks) require 2 independent systems to communicate with ground stations.
RVSM
- Description
- Operator approval
Allows separation of 1,000ft between FL290 and FL410 inclusive.
Approval will be reflected in the operators AOC.
RVSM
- equipment (4)
- 2 independent altitude systems
- Altitude alerting system
- Automatic altitude control system
- SSR with altitude reporting connected to the altitude system being used for altitude control
RVSM Error reporting
- Time limit
- Total vertical error deviation
- Altimetry error deviation
- Assigned altitude deviation
Report to authority within 72 hours deviations outside of:
- Total vertical error 300ft
- Altimetry error 245ft
- Assigned altitude deviation 300ft
Navigation Equipment Requirements
For IFR (or VFR w/o visual navigation).
Mostly based on the requirements of route flow (e.g. MLS/ILS if ILS/MLS required for approach).
Do need a VOR and DME regardless of whether required.
If route (or part of it) is based entirely on VOR, DME or ADF, need 2 of them.
Changes to instruments required for IFR vs VFR
- altimeter
- ASI
Need 2 altimeters instead of 1 and they need counter-drum pointer or equivalent.
ASI needs protection from icing & condensation.
Extra equipment:
- Single pilot operations
- >49,000ft
- Speed limitations in terms of mach
Single pilot: Autopilot with altitude & heading hold
>49,000ft: Radiation meter
Mach limited: Machmeter
Altitude alerting system
- When required
- What is required
> 5700kg or MOPSC>9:
- Alert when reaching an altitude
- Alert (at least aural) when deviating from altitude
[NOT JUST RVSM!]
Weather radar
- When required
ALL pressurised
Non-pressurised >5700kg or MOPSC>9 if @ night or IMC near TS
Craft needing:
- ACAS II
- TAWS
ACAS II: >5700kg or MOPSC>19
TAWS: >5700kg or MOPSC>9
Class B need fewer TAWS facilities (“TERRAIN”, “DON’T SINK”, “FIVE HUNDRED”)
Required lights
- Day
- Night
Day:
- Anti collision
- Lights for essential equipment
- Passenger compartment lights
- Torch for each crew member
Night
- 2 landing lights
- Navigation lights
Fuses
10% of each rating
At least 3 of each
Windscreen wipers
- When required
> 5700kg
At each pilot station
Minimum MDHs based on approach equipment
Precision approach minimums
Wake Turbulence
- Separation distances for approach (ATC controlled)
Wake Turbulence
- Separation times for LIGHT aircraft
Wake Turbulence
- Separation times for MEDIUM aircraft
Wake Turbulence
- Separation times for displaced threshold or opposite directions
Wake Turbulence
- Separation times for missed approach (same, parallel or opposite direction)
