Operant Conditioning & Reinforcement/Shaping

Question 1

: Process by which behaviors are increased, decreased, or maintained by their consequences

Answer 1

Operant conditioning

Question 2

Positive (Sr)
Negative Sr
Positive Punishment
Negative Punishment

Answer 2

Four Basic Contingencies of operant conditioning

Question 3

Stimulus change, contingent on the occurrence of behavior, increases the future likelihood or probability of behavior

Answer 3

Sr - Reinforcement

Question 4

stimulus termination or reduction

Answer 4

Escape

Question 5

stimulus postponement

Answer 5

Avoidance

Question 6

Removal, reduction, or postponement of a stimulus

Answer 6

Negative Reinforcement

Question 7

Presentation of a stimulus

Answer 7

Positive Reinforcement

Question 8

Effective without prior history

Food-Water-Sex

Answer 8

Primary Reinforcer

Question 9

-Originally a neutral event
- Acquire Sr properties after pairing w/ primary or
Smiling-A+-Applause

Answer 9

Secondary reinforcer

Question 10

Paired w/ many Sr’s
-Don’t depend on specific source of deprivation
Money-Gold stars

Answer 10

Generalized reinforcers

Question 11

(“Extrinsic”)

 Provided by agent (mediated through the B of another)

Answer 11

Mediated Reinforcers

Question 12

(“Intrinsic”)

Directly produced by the behavior

Answer 12

Automatic Reinforcers

Question 13

Sr typically maintains B in natural environ; events that spontaneously follow a behavior

Answer 13

Natural Behavior

Question 14

= Sr irrelevant to behavioral maintenance in the natural environment; contingencies have been set up for the purposes of training or experimentation

Answer 14

Arbitrary Behavior

Question 15

Genetic Factors ,History of Reinforcer, Immediacy, Dependency, Amount, quality , alternative sources of reinforcement, “establishing operations”

Answer 15

8 Factors that influence the effectiveness of the reinforcement.

Question 16

Is consequence excessively large or otherwise inappropriate?

• • Who profits from B?
• • Is B inappropriate?
• • When is the consequence delivered?

Answer 16

Reinforcement Versus Bribery

Question 17

To establish new B, particularly complex B or B not responsive to instruction/modeling

Answer 17

Purpose of shaping

Question 18

: Differential Sr of successive approximations of B until the terminal B is exhibited.

Answer 18

Definition of shaping

Question 19

selective Sr of one B and nonreinforcement (i.e., “extinction”) of another B

Answer 19

Differential Reinforcement

Question 20

= intermediate form of terminal B

Answer 20

Successive approximation

Question 21

Observe the person (measure duration of engagement)

ask person or significant other (family members, friends)

Answer 21

How to identify reinforcements.

Question 22

high probability activity can be used to reinforce a low probability activity

Answer 22

Premack Principle

Question 23

Avoidance learning involves both respondent and operant conditioning
Recall, Respondent Conditioning:

Answer 23

Two process Theory

Question 24

Avoidance per se is a reinforcer;

Respondent conditioning unnecessary

Answer 24

one process Theory