Operant Conditioning Flashcards

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1
Q

Operant Conditioning is learning is via…

A

Consequences

E.G. gaining rewards or receiving punishments, can modify and shape behaviours

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2
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Rewards for doing an appropriate behaviour.

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3
Q

What effect does Positive Reinforcement have on behaviour?

A

If behaviour is positively reinforced it is more likely to be repeated

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4
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

Removing something unpleasant

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5
Q

What effect does Negative Reinforcement have on behaviour?

A

Negative Reinforcement strengthens a response in order to remove the unpleasant consequences

E.g. A rat will learn to press a bar to turn an electric shock off

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6
Q

Positive Punishment

A

Being given something negative

E.G. being shouted at

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7
Q

What effect does Positive Punishment have on behaviour?

A

Decreases the chances of the behaviour happening again, in order to decrease the chance of being given something negative

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8
Q

Negative Punishment

A

Having something removed

E.G phone confiiscated

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9
Q

What effect does Negative Punishment have on behaviour?

A

Decreases the chances of the behaviour happening again, in order to prevent having something removed

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10
Q

Shaping

A

The behaviour doesn’t just occur 100% correct the first time. It needs to be shaped

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11
Q

Token Economy

A

You get a reward for doing an appropriate behaviour

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12
Q

Fixed Ratio Reward Schedule

A

Where a response is reinforced only after a specified number of response

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13
Q

Variable Ratio Reward Schedule

A

A response is reinforced after a set number of times, then varies

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14
Q

Fixed Interval Reward Schedule

A

The reward of a first correct response only after a set interval, learning may take longer BUT the response rate is higher later on

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15
Q

Variable Interval Reward Schedule

A

This reward time varies following the first correct response

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16
Q

Supporting Evidence

A

Supported by Skinner and Thorndike with their work on animals which show we do learn via reinforcement and punishment

17
Q

How is this reductionist?

A

Ignores biological explanations of behaviour i.e. genetics, hormones, evolution etc. Some phobias are believed to have an evolutionary origin (its easier to be scared by things which were dangerous to our ancestors)

18
Q

How is this deterministic?

A

Determinist/mechanistic as it says you are merely responding in a set way to set stimuli i.e. if you are punished you will do something less (not always the case)