Operant Conditioning

Question 1

Define Operant Conditioning.

Answer 1

Operant Condition is a type of learning in which behavior is reinforced if followed by a reinforcer and reduced if follow by a punisher.

Question 2

What did Skinner (The father of Behaviorism) focus on?

Answer 2

He prioritized the effect consequences cause on an oranisms’ behavior.

Question 3

Who introduced the idea of Reinforcement?

Answer 3

Skinner

Question 4

Define Primary and Secondary Reinforcer.

Answer 4

• Primary Reinforcer is a type of reinforcer in which it has to do with ones’ survival. (Ex: Food)
• Secondary Reinforcer is a type of reinforcer in which they were taught to be associated with the primary reinforcer. (Ex: Money)

Question 5

Define a Positive and Negative Reinforcer.

Answer 5

• Positive Reinforcer is a type of reinforcer in which something desirable is added.
• Negative Reinforcer is a type of reinforcer in which something unpleasant is removed.

Question 6

State and define the 2 types of schedules of reinforcement.

Answer 6

• Continuous Reinforcement - A reward is added every time the action is done.
• Partial Reinforcement- A reward isn’t added every time the action is done.

Question 7

Define the Fixed Ratio and the Fixed Interval Schedules.

Answer 7

• Fixed Ratio Schedule is when an action is rewarded every time a certain actions is reached a certain amount of times. (Ex: Every 3 sweets you sell, you get €5)
• Fixed Interval Schedule is when an action is rewarded every specific amount of time (Ex: Every 1hr you get a cookie)

Question 8

State and define Variable Ratio and Variable Interval Schedules.

Answer 8

• Variable Ratio Schedule is when a reward is given after a variable amount of time an action is done. (Ex: Slot machines)
• Variable Interval Schedule is when a reward is given after a variable amount of time the action is made.

Question 9

Define “Shaping”.

Answer 9

Shaping is a technique in which people use to teach a certain organism complex behaviors by rewarding more basic ones first.

Question 10

What are “Superstitious Behaviors”?

Answer 10

They are a type of behaviors in which people associate certain thongs to certain situation because of a coincidental encounter. This is usually done to reduce stress and anxiety.

Question 11

Define what a Punishment is.

Answer 11

A Punishment is a quick route to stopping and changing a certain behavior.

Question 12

Define Positive and Negative Punishment.

Answer 12

• Positive Punishment is a type of punishment in which something unpleasant is added to decrease behavior.
• Negative Punishment is when something pleasant is removed to decrease the likelihood of recurring bad behavior.

Question 13

Define the “Incompatible Response Technique”.

Answer 13

This is a technique in which bad behavior is ignored and reinforce good behavior instead.

Question 14

What is “Token Economy”?

Answer 14

This is a type of therapy in which a person is rewarded with token for their good behaviors, these tokens can be exchanged for rewards.

Question 15

What is “Latent Learning”?

Answer 15

• A behavior which is taught with the lack of reward.
• When changes is behavior are not obvious.

Question 16

Define “Observational Learning” (Aka Social Cognitive Theory and Vicarious Learning).

Answer 16

This is a type of learning in which a person repeats a certain action which they witnessed someone else doing.

Question 17

Who created the “Bobo doll Experiment” and what was noticed in that experiment?

Answer 17

Albert Bandura came up with the Bobo Doll Experiment, he noticed how children were repeating what an adult was doing to the doll. (Beating up the doll)