OpenStax Chapter 8 Key Terms

Question 1

valence bond theory

Answer 1

describes a covalent bond as the overlap of half-filled atomic orbitals to create shared electrons
# of bonds = # of unpaired electrons

Question 2

orbital overlap

Answer 2

portion of one orbital and a portion of a second orbital occupy the same region of space

Question 3

bond energy

Answer 3

amount of energy required to break a bond

Question 4

internuclear distance

Answer 4

distance between two nuclei

Question 5

node

Answer 5

areas of no electron density

Question 6

sigma bond

Answer 6

end-to-end overlap of two p, two s, or one p + one s orbital
on the internuclear axis

Question 7

pi bond

Answer 7

side to side overlap of two p orbitals
above and below the internuclear axis

Question 8

hybridization

Answer 8

process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals

Question 9

hybrid orbitals

Answer 9

combined orbitals
# of combined orbitals = # of hybrid orbitals

Question 10

linear geometry

Answer 10

sp hybridization
2 unhybridized p orbitals

Question 11

trigonal planar geometry

Answer 11

sp2 hybridization
1 unhybridized p orbital

Question 12

tetrahedral geometry

Answer 12

sp3 hybridization
0 unhybridized orbitals

Question 13

trigonal bipyramidal geometry

Answer 13

sp3d

Question 14

octahedral geometry

Answer 14

sp3d2

Question 15

double bond

Answer 15

1 sigma bond, 1 pi bond

Question 16

triple bond

Answer 16

1 sigma bond, 2 pi bonds

Question 17

resonance

Answer 17

the structure of an actual molecule is the average of all of the possibilities

Question 18

diamagnetic substance

Answer 18

weakly repel a magnetic field
all electrons are paired

Question 19

paramagnetic substance

Answer 19

attraction to a magnetic field
unpaired electrons

Question 20

molecular orbital

Answer 20

region of space in which a valence electron in a molecule is likely to be found
combinations of atomic orbital wave functions

Question 21

homonuclear diatomic molecule

Answer 21

molecules composed of two identical atoms

Question 22

heteronuclear diatomic molecule

Answer 22

molecules composed of two different atoms

Question 23

linear combination of atomic orbitals

Answer 23

mathematical process of combining atomic orbitals to generate molecular orbitals

Question 24

constructive interference

Answer 24

in-phase waves combine

Question 25

destructive interference

Answer 25

out of phase waves combine

Question 26

bonding molecular orbital

Answer 26

lower energy orbital produced from constructive interference

Question 27

antibonding molecular orbital

Answer 27

higher energy orbital created from destructive interference

Question 28

sigma interaction

Answer 28

electron density is along the internuclear axis and between the nuclei

Question 29

pi interaction

Answer 29

side to side overlap of two p orbitals gives rise to a pi bonding molecular orbital and pi antibonding molecular orbital

Question 30

degenerate orbitals

Answer 30

orbitals that are identical and have the same energy

Question 31

bond order

Answer 31

1/2(bonding electrons - antibonding electrons)