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Functional Neuroanatomy > Opening Test > Flashcards

Opening Test Flashcards

1
Q

Golgi stain

Method

A

A histological stain that fills a small prportion of neurons with a dark, silver-based precopitate

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2
Q

Nissl stain

Method

A

A histological stain that outlines all cell bodies because the dyes are attracted to RNA, which encircles the nucleus

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3
Q

Autoradiography

Method

A

A histological technique that shows the distribution of radioactive chemicals in tissues

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4
Q

Immunocytochemistry (ICC)

Method

A

A method for detecting a particular protein in tissues in which (1) an antibody recognizes and binds the protein and (2) chemical methods are then used to leave a visible reaction product around each anribody

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5
Q

In situ hybridization

Method

A

A method for detecting particular RNA transcripts in tissue sections by providing a nucleotide probe that is complementary to, and will therefore hybridize with, the transcript of interest

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6
Q

Immediate early genes (IEG’s)

Genes

A

A class of genes that show rapid but transient increases in expression in cells that have become activated

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7
Q

C-fos

Genes

A

An immediate early gene commonly used to identify activated neurons

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8
Q

Gyrus

Brain Anatomy

A

A ridged or raised portion of a convoluted brain surfae

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9
Q

Sulcus

Brain Anatomy

A

A furrow of a convoluted brain surface

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10
Q

Sylvian fissure

Brain Anatomy

A

A deep fissure that demarcates the temporal lobes

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11
Q

Central sulcus

Brain Anatomy

A

A fissure that divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

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12
Q

Cerebral cortex

Brain Anatomy

A

The outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres

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13
Q

Postcentral gyrus

Brain Anatomy

A

The strip of parietal sortex, just behind the central sulcus (receives somatosensory information from the entire body)

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14
Q

Precentral gyrus

Brain Anatomy

A

The strip of frontal cortex, just in front of the central sulcus (Crucial for motor control)

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15
Q

Corpus callosum

Brain Anatomy

A

The main band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres

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16
Q

White matter

Brain Anatomy

A

A shiny layer underneath the cortex that consists largely of axons with white matter myelin sheaths

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17
Q

Saggital plane

Orientations for viewing the brain

A

Plane that divides body in left and right

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18
Q

Coronal plane

Orientations for viewing the brain

A

Plane that divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior)

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19
Q

Horizontal plane

Orientations for viewing the brain

A

Plane which divides the brain into upper and lower part

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20
Q

Medial

Orientations for viewing the brain

A

Towards the middle (of the brain)

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21
Q

Lateral

Orientations for viewing the brain

A

Towards the side (of the brain)

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22
Q

Ipsilateral

Orientations for viewing the brain

A

On the same side of the body

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23
Q

Contralateral

Orientations for viewing the brain

A

On the opposite site of the body

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24
Q
A
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25
Q

Anterior/rostral

Orientations for viewing the brain

A

Towards the forehead/face

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26
Q

Posterior/caudal

Orientations for viewing the brain

A

Towards the bag of the head (translates to tail)

27
Q

Proximal

Orientations for viewing the brain

A

Near the center

28
Q

Distal

Orientations for viewing the brain

A

Towards the periphery (or the end of the limb)

29
Q

Dorsal

Orientations for viewing the brain

A

Towards the back in animals, top of the head in humans (because bipedalism)

30
Q

Ventral

Orientations for viewing the brain

A

Toward the belly (in animals) or bottom of the brain (in humans)

31
Q

Afferent

Orientations for viewing the brain

A

Carries information to the region of interest

32
Q

Efferent

Orientations for viewing the brain

A

Carries information away from the region of interest

33
Q

Gray matter

Brain Anatomy

A

Areas of the brain that are dominated by cell bodies and are devoid of myelin

34
Q

Forebrain

Brain Anatomy

A

Also called prosencephalon. Contains:
* Telencephalon: Neocortex, Basal ganglia and Limbic systems
* Diencephalon: Thalamus and Hypothalamus

35
Q

Midbrain

Brain Anatomy

A

Also called Mesencephalon.

36
Q

Hindbrain

Brain Anatomy

A

Also called rhobencephalon. Contains:
* Metencephalon: Cerebellum and Pons
* Myelencephalon: Medulla

37
Q

Basal Ganglia

Functions

A

Regulates voluntary motor control, procedural learning, and habits. It plays a key role in coordinating movement and is involved in reward-based learning

38
Q

Limbic system

Functions

A

Responsible for emotions, motivation, and memory. It includes the amygdala, hippocampus, and cingulate cortex. The limbic system helps process and regulate our emotional responses

39
Q

Thalamus

Functions

A

Acts as a relay station for sensory information (except olfaction) on its way to the cerebral cortex. It also plays a role in regulating consciousness and alertness

40
Q

Hypothalamus

Functions

A

Controls various physiological processes such as temperature regulation, hunger, thirst, and circadian rhythms. It’s also involved in the release of hormones from the pituitary gland

41
Q

Mesencephalon

Functions

A

It serves as a relay center for auditory and visual information. It is also involved in motor functions, including eye movement and coordination.

42
Q

Cerebellum

Functions

A

Coordinates motor movements, maintains balance, and fine-tunes muscle activity. It plays a crucial role in motor learning and helps control posture and muscle tone

43
Q

Pons

Functions

A

Acts as a bridge between different parts of the brain, including the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex. It plays a role in sleep, facial movements, and certain reflex actions.

44
Q

Medulla

Functions

A

Regulates essential autonomic functions such as breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, and reflexes like swallowing and vomiting. It connects the brain to the spinal cord.

45
Q

Spinal Cord

Functions

A

Serves as a communication highway between the brain and the body. It conducts sensory and motor signals, allowing for reflex actions and voluntary movement. The spinal cord is responsible for transmitting pain and touch sensations

46
Q

Basal ganglia

Brain Anatomy

A

Divided into three parts:
1. Caudate nucleus
2. Putamen
3. Globus Pallidus

47
Q

Caudate nucleus

Functions

A

Part of the Basal ganglia. Involved in voluntary motor control, procedural learning, and habit formation. It helps regulate movement and plays a role in reward-based learning

48
Q

Putamen

Functions

A

Part of the basal ganglia. Works with the caudate nucleus to coordinate motor movements, particularly those related to motor skills and automatic behaviors

49
Q

Globus Pallidus

Functions

A

Part of the Basal ganglia. Helps control voluntary motor movements and plays a role in inhibiting unwanted movements. It works closely with the caudate nucleus and putamen

50
Q

Substantia Nigra

Functions

A

Part of the Basal ganglia. Involved in reward, movement, and motor planning. It is particularly known for producing dopamine, which is crucial for motor control.

51
Q

Amygdala

Functions

A

Part of the Limbic system. Responsible for processing and regulating emotions, particularly the formation and storage of emotional memories. It plays a key role in the perception of threat and fear.

52
Q

Hippocampus

Functions

A

Part of the Limbic system. Critical for the formation of new memories, spatial navigation, and the consolidation of long-term memories. It plays a central role in learning and memory processes.

53
Q

Fornix

Functions

A

Part of the Limbic system. A bundle of nerve fibers that connects the hippocampus with other limbic system structures and the thalamus. It is involved in memory function and emotional processing

54
Q

Cingulate gyrus

Functions

A

Part of the Limbic system. Involved in emotional regulation, decision-making, and processing pain perception. It plays a role in mediating emotional and cognitive responses

55
Q

Olfactory bulb

Functions

A

Part of the olfactory system. Responsible for processing and relaying sensory information related to the sense of smell. It is not a direct part of the limbic system but has connections to it, contributing to emotional responses to odors.

56
Q

Mammillary Body

Functions

A

Part of the limbic system. Involved in processing and regulating memory and emotional responses. It is connected to the hippocampus and plays a role in the formation of memories.

57
Q

Superior Colliculi

Functions

A

Part of the Tectum (in the midbrain). Responsible for processing visual information related to the coordination of eye and head movements. It plays a role in visual orienting and reflexes.

58
Q

Inferior Colliculi

Functions

A

Part of the Tectum (in the midbrain). Processes auditory information, particularly in terms of sound localization and auditory reflexes. It is a key center for auditory sensory integration.

59
Q

Tectum

Functions

A

Part of the midbrain. Includes the superior and inferior colliculi. The tectum plays a critical role in sensory processing, particularly for visual and auditory functions, and it helps coordinate reflexes and orientation responses.

60
Q

Red Nucleus

Functions

A

Part of the midbrain. Involved in motor control, particularly in controlling limb movements. It plays a role in coordination and modulation of voluntary movements

61
Q

Reticular Formation

Function

A

Extends throgh several structures (mainly brainstem). Regulates sleep-wake cycles, consciousness, and alertness. It also controls basic life-sustaining functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure

62
Q

Purkinje cell

Brain Anatomy

A

A type of large nerve cell in the cerebral cortex

63
Q

Granule cell

Brain Anatomy

A

A type of small nerve cell

64
Q

Parallel fiber

Brain Anatomy

A

One of the axons of the granule cells that form the outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex

Functional Neuroanatomy (4 decks)

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