General Knowledge Flashcards
Primary motor cortex (M1)
General Function
- It contains Betz cells and is responsible for executing voluntary movements by sending signals via the corticospinal tract to the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system.
- Receives inputs from the premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, somatosensory cortex, and basal ganglia.
- Sends signals via the corticospinal tract to the spinal cord to initiate and control voluntary movements
Basal Ganglia
General function
- **Function: **Modulates movement, action selection, and motor learning.
- Input: Receives inputs mainly from the cerebral cortex and thalamus.
- Output: Sends outputs to the thalamus, which in turn relays information back to the cortex to influence motor planning and execution.
Cerebellum
General Functiom
- Function: Coordinates and fine-tunes movements, ensuring accuracy, precision, and timing.
- Input: Receives inputs from the spinal cord, brainstem, sensory systems, and cerebral cortex.
- Output: Sends outputs to various motor-related areas, including the thalamus and brainstem, modulating and refining motor commands.
Supplementary Motor Area (SMA)
General function
- Function: Involved in planning and coordinating complex movements, especially those requiring sequences of actions.
- Input: Receives inputs from various cortical areas, including the prefrontal cortex.
- Output: Sends outputs to M1 and brainstem regions to initiate and coordinate motor sequences.
Premotor cortex
General function
- Function:Prepares and organizes movements before execution, especially in response to sensory and environmental cues.
- Input: Receives inputs from the sensory cortex, thalamus, and other cortical areas.
- Output: Sends outputs to M1 and spinal cord regions to execute prepared motor plans.
Thalamus
General Function
- Function: Acts as a relay station for motor signals, integrating and transmitting information to and from the cortex.
- Input: Receives inputs from various cortical and subcortical regions.
- Output: Sends outputs primarily to the motor cortex, relaying processed motor information.
Brainstem
General function
Function: Controls vital functions and relays motor information between the brain and spinal cord.
Input: Receives inputs from higher brain regions and sensory systems.
Output:Sends outputs to the spinal cord and higher brain centers, regulating motor functions and reflexes.
Hippocampus
General function
Function: Involved in spatial navigation and contextual motor control.
Input: Receives inputs from various cortical and subcortical regions, especially those related to spatial information.
Output: Sends outputs to cortical and subcortical regions involved in motor planning and navigation.
Straitum
General Function
- Function: Receives inputs from the cortex, involved in action selection and motor planning.
- Input: Receives inputs predominantly from the cortex.
- Output: Sends outputs to the globus pallidus and substantia nigra
Globus Pallidus
General Function
- Function: Modulates movement.
- Input: Receives inputs from the striatum.
- Output: Sends inhibitory signals to the thalamus
Medulla
General Function
- Function: Modulates muscle tone and certain involuntary movements.
- Input: Receives inputs from higher brain regions and sensory systems.
- Output: Sends outputs to the spinal cord
Pons
General Function
- Function: Coordinates movement between the cerebral cortex and cerebellum.
- Input: Receives inputs from the cerebellum and cerebral cortex.
- Output: Sends outputs to the cerebellum and higher brain centers.
Cerebellar Cortex
General Function
- Function: Fine-tunes motor movements, particularly in limb coordination and balance.
- Input: Receives inputs from the spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebral cortex.
- Output: Sends outputs to deep cerebellar nuclei
Deep Cerebellar Nuclei
- Function: Crucial in motor learning and coordination.
- Input: Receives inputs from the cerebellar cortex.
- Output: Sends outputs to the thalamus and brainstem
