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Y1 CLASP - Cancer > Oparka Lectures > Flashcards

Oparka Lectures Flashcards

1
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increase in the number of cells

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2
Q

Hyperplasia is always due to a stimulus, true or false?

A

True

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3
Q

What causes hyperplasia to return to normal?

A

Withdrawal of the stimulus

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4
Q

What is neoplastic transformation?

A

Growth becoming autonomous

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5
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Increase in the size of cells?

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6
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Loss of size and/or number of cells

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7
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Reversible change from one mature cell type to another

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8
Q

What causes metaplasia?

A

Cell injury of some kind

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9
Q

Why does metaplasia occur?

A

A change in a cell’s environment causes the need for a change in function

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10
Q

What is an example of metaplasia?

A

Barrett’s Oesophagus

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11
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Disordered growth

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12
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

New growth that occurs without a stimulus

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13
Q

What are the classes of neoplasia?

A

Benign, pre-malignant (dysplasia) and malignant

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14
Q

What is malignancy?

A

Autonomous growth that has invaded beyond its normal locations and has metastatic potential

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15
Q

What does stellate mean?

A

Star-like, scattered, with no natural border

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16
Q

What does diffuse mean?

A

Spans the whole organ/area

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17
Q

What does a translucent mass imply?

A

Thin walls

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18
Q

What are spicules and if they are white what are they?

A

Specks

Fat necrosis

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19
Q

What is an ulcer with heaped up rolled edges likely to be?

A

Malignant

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20
Q

How is a peptic ulcer often described?

A

Punched out - with defined borders

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21
Q

A low nucleus to cytoplasm ratio is bad and implies malignancy, true or false?

A

False

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22
Q

Are irregular nuclear contours good or bad?

A

Bad

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23
Q

What does pleomorphism mean?

A

Lots of different shapes and sizes

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24
Q

What is tripolar mitosis?

A

Mitosis that starts to split into three poles - triangular

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25
Q

What does the presence of intracellular mucin imply?

A

Adenocarcinoma

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26
Q

What cells are present in adenocarcinoma?

A

Signet ring cells

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27
Q

Describe signet ring cells.

A

Nucleus that is pushed to the edge of the cell

Aggressive and spread far, discohesive

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28
Q

What are the three main groups of cancers?

A

Epithelial
Mesenchymal
Haematological

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29
Q

Where are epithelial cells found?

A

Lining the internal and external surfaces of the body

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30
Q

What is characteristic of epithelial cells?

A

Rest on a basement membrane

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31
Q

What type of cells are ones with exposure to the outside?

A

Squamous epithelium

32
Q

Describe skin cells.

A

Squamous epithelium, keratinising, and with adnexal structures

33
Q

What are examples of adnexal structures?

A

Glands, hair

34
Q

Describe internal cells with exposure to the outside (mouth, oesophagus, ear canal etc).

A

Squamous epithelium, non-keratinising

35
Q

What are G cells?

A

Cells that secrete gastrin

36
Q

What are parietal cells?

A

Cells that produce hydrochloric acid

37
Q

What are enterochromaffin-like cells?

A

Cells that secrete histamine

38
Q

What cells secrete acetylcholine?

A

Parasympathetic cholinergic neurones

39
Q

What are D cells?

A

Cells that secrete somatostatin

40
Q

Where are pseudo stratified ciliated columnar cells found?

A

Respiratory tract

41
Q

What is the name for epithelial malignancies?

A

Carcinomas

42
Q

What is directly proportional to risk of epithelial malignancy?

A

Age

43
Q

What are epithelial malignancies often caused by?

A

A long term accumulation of environmental factors, e.g. smoking

44
Q

What is the disease progression of carcinomas characterised by?

A

Local growth

45
Q

Through which routes can carcinomas spread?

A

Haematogenous and lymphatic

46
Q

What is ‘honeycombing’?

A

Hexagonal areas around the edges of lymph nodes seen microscopically as they are drained due to malignant spread

47
Q

Where does primary lung cancer commonly spread to?

A

Bone, brain, adrenal, liver

48
Q

Where do primary GI malignancies spread to?

A

Liver mostly, other places also

49
Q

What are some mesenchymal tumours?

A 
Bone
Cartilage
Fibrous tissue
Fat
Smooth and skeletal muscle
Nerves
Blood vessels
50
Q

What is the name for mesenchymal tumours?

A

Sarcomas

51
Q

What are the names of benign and malignant smooth muscle tumours?

A

Leiomyoma

Sarcoma

52
Q

What are the names of benign and malignant skeletal muscle tumours?

A

Rhabdomyoma

Sarcoma

53
Q

What are the names of benign and malignant fat tumours?

A

Lipoma

Liposarcoma

54
Q

What are the names of benign and malignant bone tumours?

A

Osteoma

Osteosarcoma

55
Q

What are the names of benign and malignant cartilage tumours?

A

Chondroma

Chondrosarcoma

56
Q

What are the names of benign and malignant blood vessel tumours?

A

Haemangioma

Angiosarcoma

57
Q

What are the names of benign and malignant nerve tumours?

A

Neuroma

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST)

58
Q

Sarcomas are relatively rare, true or false?

A

True

59
Q

Which are more common in children: carcinomas or sarcomas?

A

Sarcomas

60
Q

Which three cancers do children most commonly get?

A

Brain
Blood
Bone

61
Q

What is the defining feature of sarcomas?

A

Local growth

62
Q

Which is a more common route of spread for sarcomas: lymphatic or haematogenous?

A

Haematogenous, lymphatic spread v v rare

63
Q

Describe the microscopic aspects of sarcomas.

A

Spindle cell lesions - elongated tapered shape to cells with a long oval nucleus

64
Q

What type of mutation usually causes a sarcoma?

A

Large translocation

65
Q

What are haematological malignancies?

A

Ones that are present in the blood, lymphatics or bone marrow

66
Q

What are examples of myeloid cells?

A

RBC, platelets, granulocytes (basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells)

67
Q

What is a lymphoma?

A

Tumour-like masses in lymph nodes, with swelling and classic features of a tumour

68
Q

What is leukaemia?

A

Circulating malignant cells in the blood or bone marrow, with no mass

69
Q

Which type of malignancy may involve liver and spleen organomegaly?

A

Haematological malignancy

70
Q

What is the critical investigation in haematological malignancy?

A

FBC

71
Q

What can marrow involvement in haematological malignancy cause?

A

Malignant cells replace everything else, meaning less other cells are made - less red, cells, platelets, normal B cells so symptoms such as nosebleed, sweating (and night sweats), weight loss

72
Q

What is the morphology of haematological malignancies?

A

Solid white mass

73
Q

What is the microscopy of haematological malignancies?

A

Resemble the cell of origin, often many small round blue cells, often all looks the same - monotonous and clonal (unless high grade)

74
Q

What class of malignancy are melanomas?

A

Neuroectoderm

75
Q

What is precision medicine?

A

The use of different chemotherapy dose for

different genes and tumours

Y1 CLASP - Cancer (4 decks)

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