OP - L2

Question 1

system definition

Answer 1

A group organs that are specialised to perform specific function within an organism

Question 2

What is classification based on

Answer 2

Function

Question 3

Homeostasis definition

Answer 3

• It is a dynamic state of equilibrium
• To maintain physiological constancy in a changing environment

Question 4

How many organ systems in the body?

Answer 4

11

Question 5

How many bones? ribs?

Answer 5

204
24 (12 front and back)

Question 6

4 types of cells in the skeletal system and their function?

Answer 6

Osteoblasts - Make bone cells (deposition)
Osteoclasts- Secrete enzymes and acid (resorption)
Osteocytes - differentiated osteoblasts
Chondrocytes - cells in the bone that divide and enlarge in response to growth hormone

Question 7

What does a lack and excess of growth hormone result in kids and adults?

Answer 7

Lack - dwarfism
Excess:
Adults - acromegaly
Childhood - gigantism

Growth hormone treatment doesnt work on adults

Question 8

How long is the GIT?

Answer 8

4.5 m
Extends from mouth to rectum

Question 9

what is the main function of kidneys?

Answer 9

To maintain/regulate the water levels in the blood

Question 10

How are nutrients and oxygen transported in blood?

Answer 10

nutrients - in plasma
oxygen - RBCs

Question 11

What do melatonin and insulin regulate?

Answer 11

Melatonin - biorhythms (circadian(sleep cycle))
Insulin - glucose levels

** Part of endocrine system - hormones secreted into blood

Question 12

What is innate and adaptive immunity?

Answer 12

Innate - non-specific immunity (skin as a barrier, macrophages)
Adaptive - specific immunity (t-cell and b-cell response)

Question 13

What is the largest organ system - its function and components? which immune system is it part of? what determines its colour?

Answer 13

Integumentary system
– Protective barrier, distinguishes/separates organism from its surroundings
– skin, hair, nails, skin glands+their products
– Innate immunity
– Level of Melanin determines colour

Question 14

Major organ systems - their organs - their function

Answer 14

Question 15

Tissue definition

Answer 15

A group of specialised cells grouped together to perform a specific function

Question 16

4 types of tissue - which ones are excitable? give examples of each

Answer 16

EXCITABLE:
- Muscle [skeletal (attaches bones to tendons) , cardiac (in heart), smooth (vasculature, bronchioles, digestive tract, reproductive tract)]
- Nervous (brain, spinal cord, nerves)
NON-EXCITABLE:
- connective (bone, adipocytes, skin dermis)
- Epithelial (stomach lining, alveoli, epidermis, exocrine ducts, kidneys, intestines)

Question 17

examples of skeletal musc. not attached to bone or tendon?

Answer 17

diaphragm, tongue, anal sphincter
** attached to tissue

Question 18

Two cell types in nervous tissue? and function

Answer 18

Neurons: Generate+Conduct electrical impulses
Neuroglia: Do not conduct impulses – are support cells

Question 19

what forms the myelin sheath in CNS and PNS?

Answer 19

CNS - Oligodendrocytes
PNS - Schwann cells

Question 20

What tissue are glands made of?

Answer 20

epithelial tissue

Question 21

Features of epithelial tissue

Answer 21

** NO BLOOD VESSELS
- reproduces rapidly
- tightly packed cells thus tight junctions
** underside linked to connective tissue by non-cellular BM

Question 22

Where are epithelial cells present?

Answer 22

alveoli, blood vessels, skin, mouth, lips, kidneys

Question 23

Types of epithelial cells + some of their locations

Answer 23

Simple+stratified:
-Squamous : Flat - for diffusion and filtration – also secretes lubricants
(alveoli, capillaries, lining of heart and lymphatic vessels)

-Cuboidal : For secretion and absorption
(In ducts, kidney tubules, secretory products of small glands)

-Columnar : Mainly absorption + also secretes mucous and enzymes
Ciliated:
- bronchi, uterine tubes, uterus
Non-ciliated/Smooth:
- stomach, digestive tract, bladder

Question 24

Types of stratified epithelial membrane cells

Answer 24

Keratinised:
– Dead cells present in a dry environment
– Ex. skin cells, hair, nails
Non-keratinised:
– Living cells in a moist environment
– In lips, the mouth, stomach, oesophagus

Question 25

exocrine glands - ducts or not? where they secrete? present where?

Answer 25

Exocrine glands secrete via ducts
- Secrete outside the body
- Like sweat, tear glands
– In the digestive tract (salivary glands, gastric glands)
– Liver (bile duct)

Question 26

endocrine glands - ducts or not? where they secrete? present where?

Answer 26

Endocrine glands dont secrete via ducts
- They secrete within the body
- Kidney — renin
- Pineal gland — Melatonin

Question 27

example of a gland that’s both endo and exo?

Answer 27

Pancreas
– secrete within the body
– Uses ducts

Question 28

Function of connective tissue? Location?

Answer 28

• Binds, supports, protects, fills spaces, stores fat, produces blood cells
• Throughout body btwn tissues
  – Has blood vessels and lots of extracellular proteins (like collagen)
  – Also has matrix in space btwn cells

Question 29

Examples of connective tissue

Answer 29

• Skin dermis – mix of live and dead(keratinised) cells (**epidermis formed by epithelial cells)
• Adipocytes – cells wrapped arnd fat globules
• Bone (osteoblasts, osteocytes)

Question 30

Where do the following occur in a cell?
- glycosylation
- detoxification
- degredation
- post translational modifications
- substance modification

Answer 30

• glycosylation – Golgi body
• detoxification – SER
• degredation – Lysosomes + Proteosomes (no cell memb)
• post translational modifications – Glogi body
• substance modification – SER

Question 31

Housekeeping genes definition?

Answer 31

Some general functions are common in all cells - the genes that encode for these common functions are called housekeeping genes
ex; Dna synthesis
generation of ATP
Cell division regulation