Online formative qs

Question 1

What type of cells line the bronchioles?

Answer 1

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with very few goblet cells

Question 2

What is the lamina propria of bronchioles composed of?

Answer 2

smooth muscle and elastic and collagenous fibres

Question 3

What is the lining of the oropharynx?

Answer 3

Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

Question 4

What is the lining of the nasal cavity like?

Answer 4

Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

Question 5

What are the vocal folds composed of?

Answer 5

stratified squamous epithelium surrounded by respiratory epithelium

Question 6

Larynx, excluding the vocal folds, is composed of?

Answer 6

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and goblet cells covering cartilage and intrinsic muscles

Question 7

What are Clara cells?

Answer 7

non-ciliated cell found in terminal bronchioles

Question 8

What is the role of a Clara cell?

Answer 8

Acts as an immune modulator and stem cell and is capable of producing surfactant

Question 9

Which cell has a major role in innate immune immunity and its function can be tested using the NBT test?

Answer 9

neutrophils

NBT test - nitro blue tetrazolium a chemical which will be turned a deep blue by certain immune cells

Question 10

Which immune cell is important in the defence against bacterial and fungal infection?

Answer 10

neutrophils

Question 11

How do neutrophils kill pathogens?

Answer 11

use of oxidative free radicals

Question 12

Which cells are the killer or effector T cells?

Answer 12

CD8

Question 13

Which type of immunity are cytotoxic T cells involved in?

Answer 13

cell-mediated immunity

Question 14

What is cell-mediated immunity the term for?

Answer 14

a specific adaptive immune response activated by Th1 cells, which leads to the activation of antigen presenting cells and cytotoxic T cell response

Question 15

How do CD8 cells go about killing pathogens?

Answer 15

Identify infected cells by pathogen peptides bound to HLA class 1 surface molecules. They directly kill infected cells via the production of perforin, inducing apoptosis. They can also induce apoptosis by Fas ligand interactions, and the release of interferon gamma which blocks viral replication.

Question 16

Which antibody producing cells are fully differentiated?

Answer 16

plasma cells

Question 17

Which organism infects children with peak incidence in winter?

Answer 17

Metapneumovirus

Question 18

What is the commonest cause of bronchiolitis?

Answer 18

RSC - respiratory syncytial virus

Question 19

What are sternal indrawn and recession signs of in children?

Answer 19

bronchiolitis

Question 20

Acute pleuritic chest pain, SOB, or incidental presentation - depending on size - diagnosis?

Answer 20

pulmonary thromboembolus

Question 21

Which condition is associated with underlying problems such as malignancy, pregnancy, and immobility?

Answer 21

pulmonary thromboembolus

Question 22

Which tests would you do to check for a pulmonary embolus?

Answer 22

D dimer - positive
Pulse oximetry
Clinical feature - alopecia - hair loss

Question 23

What is Churg-Strauss syndrome?

Answer 23

eosinophilic infiltration with high eosinophilic count, necrotising vasculitis of small arteries and veins.

Question 24

What is another name for Churg-Strauss syndrome?

Answer 24

allergic granulomatosis

Question 25

What is Goodpasture’s syndrome?

Answer 25

An autoimmune condition where antibodies attack the basement membrane in lungs and kidneys. Leads to bleeding from lungs and kidney failure.

Question 26

Which type of hyper-sensitivity reaction is Goodpasture’s syndrome?

Answer 26

type II