Online Chapter 9-Intelligence-1-1 Flashcards
What is the definition of a problem?
You have a goal
You’re not at that goal
Operators exist that can get you closer to your goal
This definition outlines the basic structure of a problem in problem-solving contexts.
What is the trial and error method in problem solving?
Trying different solutions at random until the problem is solved
This method may not be efficient but can lead to a solution.
What are algorithms in problem solving?
Problem solving procedures that guarantee a solution
Algorithms are systematic and often more resource-intensive.
What are heuristics?
Promising ‘rules of thumb’ that don’t guarantee a solution
Often less effortful or use fewer resources than algorithms
Heuristics can simplify decision-making but may lead to errors.
What is the Availability Heuristic?
We judge how likely an event is by how easily we can retrieve an example
This can lead to misjudgment of risk in events.
True or False: More people in the U.S. die from dog attacks than from commercial airline accidents.
True
From 2008 to 2017, there were no airline deaths in the U.S.
What is the Representativeness Heuristic?
We believe that a person who has one characteristic of a prototype is even more likely to have others
This can lead to incorrect assumptions about individuals.
Fill in the blank: Fixation involves representing a problem in a particular way when other _______ are available.
representations
This includes both mental set and functional fixity.
What is a mental set?
Believing you must solve a problem using a particular method when other possibly easier solutions are available
Avoiding mental set has led to many inventions.
What is functional fixity?
Using the tools you have only in set ways even though other ways of using those tools are possible
Example: using your phone to prop open a door.
What are the two components of creativity in problem solving?
- Originality
- Utility
Originality involves unusual perspectives, while utility successfully advances solutions.
What is confirmation bias?
We pay more attention to information that confirms our beliefs than information that disconfirms our beliefs
This can hinder objective reasoning.
What is belief persistence?
We try hard to hold onto beliefs and try to make new evidence fit our beliefs
This can lead to resistance to change in thinking.
What is the gambler’s fallacy?
Assuming that likelihood of a random event is affected by previous events
This leads to misconceptions like believing in ‘hot streaks.’
Who founded intelligence testing?
Binet and Simon
They aimed to predict children’s success in school.
What was the original calculation of IQ scores based on?
Mental Age / Chronological Age X 100
This method was later adjusted to the deviance method.
How is Deviance IQ calculated?
Performance is compared to others of that person’s age, with percentile rank calculated
Each percentile rank corresponds to a specific IQ score.
What do IQ scores predict?
- School performance
- Educational attainment
- Health
- Longevity
However, they have limited predictive power beyond these areas.
What is the Flynn Effect?
IQ scores have steadily risen worldwide over the last 50 years
This phenomenon indicates a trend in increasing intelligence scores.
List Gardner’s 8 intelligences.
- Linguistic
- Logical/Mathematical
- Spatial
- Bodily/Kinesthetic
- Musical
- Interpersonal
- Intrapersonal
- Naturalistic
Gardner’s theory expands the understanding of intelligence beyond traditional measures.
What are the three components of Sternberg’s Triarchic Intelligence Theory?
- Analytic
- Creative
- Practical
These components represent different aspects of intelligence.
What does Carroll’s Three-Stratum Theory address?
The structure of intelligence, incorporating different levels of cognitive abilities
This theory provides a comprehensive framework for understanding intelligence.
What is the role of heredity in intelligence?
Heredity establishes the range of intelligence
Environment determines where in this range you fall
This highlights the interaction between genetics and environment in shaping intelligence.
What is the difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins in the context of intelligence?
Monozygotic twins share 100% of their genes while dizygotic twins share about 50%
This genetic similarity can inform studies on the heritability of intelligence.
Fill in the blank: Total Intellectual Ability Range is determined by _______ and _______.
heredity; environment
This reflects the nature vs. nurture debate in intelligence.
