Online Chapter 10-Motivation-2 Flashcards
What are the classes of motives in motivation psychology?
- Instincts and reflexes
- Drives
- Incentives (reinforcement & punishment)
- Modeling and imitation
- Satisfying psychological needs
- Pursuing goals
What does a ‘releaser’ refer to in the context of instincts and reflexes?
A stimulus that triggers a fixed response pattern.
Who argued that human instincts take the form of inclinations or tendencies?
William James
What is a drive in the context of motivation?
A biological need that energizes behaviors but does not specify them.
What are common examples of biological drives?
- Hunger
- Thirst
- Variation from ideal body temperature
What triggers hunger according to the lateral hypothalamus?
Falling blood sugar levels.
What hormone is produced by the stomach when empty and triggers hunger?
Ghrelin
What is anorexia nervosa?
Maintaining an unhealthily low body weight.
What are the symptoms of bulimia nervosa?
Repeated binging behavior coupled with purging, fasting, or excessive exercise.
What societal pressures contribute to eating disorders?
- Societal pressures to be thin
- Distorted body image
- Lack of sensitivity to hunger signals
- Perfectionism
- Desire for control
- Negative mood
What is the need for affiliation?
The need to be near other people, especially in times of stress or anxiety.
What does the need for competence or mastery involve?
An innate desire to demonstrate competence and avoid situations where one might fail.
What is achievement motivation?
A type of competence motivation involving a need to excel or surpass others.
What role does self-efficacy play in motivation?
It predicts effort, perseverance, and influences one’s belief in controlling outcomes.
What is the need for optimal arousal?
The need for a particular level of stimulation that enhances performance.
True or False: Goals are the same as incentives.
False
What contributes to aggression according to the General Aggression Model?
- Personal characteristics
- Specific situation characteristics
- Emotions, thoughts, and biological arousal levels
- Decision-making processes
What is instrumental aggression?
Aggression pursued in order to reach a goal.
What is hostile aggression?
Aggression designed to harm another.
What is the cognitive neoassociation model of aggression?
A model that suggests aggression results from negative emotions following an unpleasant event.
What does the Social Learning Theory of Aggression propose?
Aggression is learned through reinforcement, punishment, and modeling.
What is the significance of modeling in human motivation?
Humans are motivated to imitate others, particularly those who are rewarded or not punished.
