One Health Flashcards
WHO definition of health
“The state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity…..”
“… An individual or group must be able to identify and to realize aspirations, to satisfy needs, and to change or cope with the environment.
public health agency of canada definition of health
”Health is dynamic and a relative condition, a capacity or resource, rather than a state.
what is the one health definition
“One Health is an integrated, unifying approach that aims to
sustainably balance and optimize the health of people, animals,
and ecosystems. It recognizes the health of humans, domestic
and wild animals, plants, and the wider environment (including
ecosystems) are closely linked and interdependent. The approach mobilizes multiple sectors, disciplines, and communities at varying levels of society to work together to foster well-being and tackle threats to health and ecosystems, while addressing the collective need for healthy food, water, energy, and air, taking action on climate change and contributing to sustainable development.”
4 C’s that go into one health
communication, collaboration, capacity building, coordination
what three things does one health consider/involve/prioritize
✓Considers issues broadly and in context and explores interconnections (systems thinking)
✓ Involves lots of different people working together (participation and transdisciplinarity)
✓Does not prioritize 1 species or place 1 species above others (advocacy and equity)
what is systems thinking and what do we consider when we think this way
- Offers a different way to approach complex issues
When we think in systems, we consider:
* Feedback loops
* Different scales – geographic, temporal, political
* Uncertainty
* Unintended consequences
what four things contribute to determinants of health
your life, your health care, your biology, your environment
six aspects for determinants in companion animal health
health services, social environment, physical environment, early development, biological endowment, human expectations
what three things do we have to think about/ask when trying to contextualize the problem as a vet
As vets we think about these hierarchies and connections all the time:
* Getting a good history
* Asking probing questions
* Outbreak investigations
mutlidisciplinary vs transdisciplinary vs disciplinary vs interdisciplinary
-mutlidisciplinary = work individually, then share results
-transdisciplinary = work cooperatively at all levels
-disciplinary = specialization in isolation
-interdisciplinary = work together cooperatively
sometimes protecting animal health _____ impacts public health and vice versa
negatively
equality vs equity
equality = everyone receives equal assistance
equity = everyone receives assistance they need to succeed
what are some things included in spectrum of care?
-basic = lower cost, less resource dependent, essential skills, low tech
advanced = higher cost, resource dependent, advanced skills, state of the art
neither is better or worse or unacceptable in anyway
one health is about ___, _____ and inspiring _____
health, interdepenence, change
vets requirements to report rabies situations according to ontario animal health act
Veterinarians are required to report any situation that poses a serious risk to animal or human health, or the safety of food or other animal products
* If it may spread / not be adequately contained
* If it occurs in a cluster (may have already spread)
* If there is a high mortality rate (like… rabies!)
vets requirements to report rabies situations according to federal health of animals act
Veterinarians are required to report any situation in which they suspect an animal is affected OR contaminated by a reportable disease (e.g. rabies)
vets requirements to report rabies situations according to ontario health protection and promotion act
Veterinarians (and physicians, nurses or “any other person”) are required to report “any animal bite from a mammal” AND “any contact with a mammal that is conducive
to the potential transmission of rabies to persons”
* As written, one would need to report every time a dog licked someone’s face or
broken skin
bites are markedly ______ reported
under
when are vets not obligated to report?
Domestic animal vs domestic animal bites
* Both animals clinically normal
* No neurological signs
* Reasonable explanation for bite
* No high-risk history (e.g. rescue)
* e.g. dog vs dog, dog vs cat, cat vs cat
when a potential exposure occurs in a domestic animal, who is called
person calls local vet, vet can call OMAFA
when a potential exposure occurs in a person, who is called
public health
when a potential exposure occurs in a wild animal, who is called
MNR
rabies exposure is generally considered a medical _____ but not an ______
urgency; emergency
what three things can be done pending risk evaluation for rabies
- Preserve any available samples (fridge / freezer)
- Exposed animals can be vaccinated and monitored at home (minimum incubation typically days)
- Refer exposed persons to public health
four aspects included in the domestic animal basic risk assessment
- Exposure (category 2+)
- Species (reservoir vs other)
- Local epidemiology
- Offending animal behaviour; Circumstances of event
three categories of exposure according to WHO
category 1 = Touching, lick on intact skin (low risk)
category 2 = Nibbling uncovered skin, Minor scratches or abrasions
[that may have had contact with saliva]
category 3 = Transdermal bite(s) or scratch(es) [that may have had contact with saliva], Licks on broken skin, Contamination of mucous membranes with saliva (e.g. licks)
what are the major reservoir species of rabies in Ontario
-bats; most common variant in people in NA
-foxes and skunks; typically infected with fox/arctic fox variant
-raccoons and skinks; raccoons less susceptible to fox variant
any ____ contact with a ______ bat can be a potential exposure
direct; live
how to sample for rabies in bats, animals <100kg, animals >100kg
Bats (<500g)
* Send entire bat (do not remove head), Make SURE it is dead
Animals <100 kg
* e.g. dog, cat, fox, skunk, raccoon
* Send entire head (do not remove brain)
Animals >100 kg
* e.g. livestock
* Send entire brain
post exposure management of animals related to boosters
ALL* potentially exposed animals should receive a booster within 7 days regardless of vaccination status
difference between observation and confinement
observation
* When off property; One or more age- appropriate handlers, Dogs on leash, avoid direct contact with others
* Cats indoors at all times
confinement
* One (or two) age-appropriate caretaker at all times
* No contact with other animals or people
* Must remain on property at all times
* Outdoor access: Leashed AND fenced
* Kept in an area where caretaker can; Observe before contact, Prevent accidental escape, (e.g. ideally double-door entry)
a pet is considered ______ for the first two weeks after its _____ vaccination
unprotection; first
what does the 10 day observation period apply to
its for a pet that has bitten a PERSON
NOT for an animal that has been exposed to a potentia rabies carrier
length of observation period for if a horse/rumaint/pig bites a person
14 days
rabies vaccination requirements; 4 points
- Vets must provide an immunization certificate
- Must keep a duplicate (copy / scan) for 3 years
- Alternatively provide statement of exemption; Reason for exemption, Control animal to preclude exposure, IF EXPOSED does NOT exempt animal from confinement
- Keep good vaccination certificates / records!
when should you vaccinate vs not vaccinate for rabies
DO Vaccinate
* ASAP following potential exposure; Boost immunity before virus spreads, Same concept as human PEP
Do NOT Vaccinate
* Within 10 (or 14) days of a bite (or scratch) – public health observation period; If animal is at greater risk, can often clear this with public health
ways to prevent rabies in livestock (5)
- Vaccination; No legal requirement IF no contact with public; Pre- or post-exposure
- Pasture during day
- Keep out of wooded areas
- Avoid attracting wildlife; Clean up old scrap, Don’t leave out food, “Seal” off barns
- Vaccinate farm dogs/cats
top 5 things to remember about rabies in ontario!!!
- Rabies is still a risk in Ontario, and it can KILL you!
- 10-day observation periods are for pet that has bitten a person, NOT for an animal that has been exposed to a potential rabies carrier.
- If in doubt, VACCINATE any potentially exposed animal (within 7 days), regardless of its current vaccination status. *BUT if it has bitten a person in the last 10 days…
- If there is any potential for human exposure to rabies, call the Public Health unit FIRST.
- OMAFA is available to help VETERINARIANS deal with potential rabies exposure incidents.
role of a veterinary inspector (4)
-systems inspection
-antemortem inspection
-PM inspection
-export verification
governing acts and regulations (3)
-safe food for canadians act/regulations
-health of animals act/regulations
-food and drug act/regulations
what two time points from transport to processing are CFIA food inspections done?
- after unloading at the flaughter facility before the go into the holding pen area
- during dressing and trimming before they are chilled
what is the purpose of the humane transport inspections? how can they occur?
- Verification that animals are transported humanely; Often multiple regulated parties involved
- Routine Inspections
- Stumble upon inspections (non-compliance suspected)
- Non-compliant incidents may result in enforcement
what is the objective of doing human transport inspections
Objective is to achieve a good outcome, mitigate/eliminate injury, suffering, and death
what is the time point that is thought to be the most stressful time in a food animals life?
immediately before slaughter
animal welfare standard inspection tasks (2)
- Daily, quarterly, yearly tasks which focus on equipment, handling, stunning and bleeding
- Verification the operator’s [slaughter establishment’s] compliance with the Safe Food for
Canadian’s Act/Regulations
why do we do antemortem inspections? what are some examples of things that can indicate food safety? what are some foreign diseases examples that are being looked out for?
Foreign animal disease identification, food safety concerns, requirement under the SFCR.
Food safety (E.g. Lethargy, Respiratory distress, Hyperthermia)
Foreign disease screening (Avian Influenza, Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, African Swine Fever)
Requirement for domestic distribution and exportation of meat products
Case study: A trailer of broiler chickens arrives to the slaughter establishment and presents with the
following: Elevated mortality, Depression, huddling, ruffled feathers, Facial edema, congestion
of combs and wattles. Upon post mortem inspection: Hemorrhagic tracheitis, Petechial hemorrhages on
serosal surface
What do you suspect is the issue?
avian influenza
Case study: A cow arrives to the slaughter establishment and presents with the following: Spontaneous muscle fasciculations, Bruxism, Nonspecific generalised neurologic deficits (E.g hypermetria, Behavioural changes (aggression,
easily startled), Ataxia)
What do you suspect?
BSE
what is specified risk material?
Bodily material that is known to contain the etiologic agent as the disease progresses
all species must be _______ before bleeding
unconscious
what is involved in jewish ritual slaughter (kosher)
No stunning
Highly trained individual (shoichet)
Cloven animals that are ruminants,
poultry, fish
Transverse cut of the cervical area
stunning methods for swine, ruminants, and poultry
Swine – Mainly CO2, some electric & (mechanical) captive bolt
Cattle/Sheep/Goat – (mechanical) Captive bolt
Poultry –CO2 gas stunning, electric water bath stunning
what would lead to partial condemnation related to localized condition? (5)
- Pneumonia
- Pericarditis
- Abscesses
- Hepatitis
- Hydronephritis/pyelonephritis
what would lead to total condemnation related to generalized condition? (7)
- Systemic disease (septicemia, bacteremia, viremia)
- Multiple abscesses
- Severe bruising
- Lymphosarcoma
- Peritonitis/ pleuritis
- Lymphadenitis
- Nephritis/ Uremia
common turkey pathology (7)
- Cellulitis
- Sternal bursitis
- Dermatitis
- Air sacculitis
- Liver conditions
- Dark Coloured Carcass (DCC)
- Emaciation
what age group o cattle is bovine tuberculosis more likely?
older than 24 months of age
what are microbial and chemical contaminants and food safety? (3)
- Foodborne pathogens
- Zoonoses
- Drug residues and other chemical contaminants
why do microbial and chemical contaminants happen? (7)
- improper agricultural practices
- poor hygiene along the food chain
- lack of preventive controls in food processing or preparation operations
- misuse of drugs and other chemicals
- contaminated raw materials, ingredients or water
- inadequate or improper storage
- addition of chemicals for fraudulent gains
what are the determinants of public health concern? (3)
- Toxicity
- Extent of use
- Lipid solubility (propensity to
bioaccumulate)
what are common residues from environmental/agro-industrial chemical residues in food? (3)
- Heavy metals (e.g., Pb, Hg)
- Pesticides (e.g. organophoshates)
- Disinfectants (e.g. iodine)
why are drug residues that responsibility of veterinarians? (3)
- Trained in pharmacology, health
management, residue prevention - Part of professional responsibility
for safe and effective use of
veterinary drugs - Focus of most on-farm quality
assurance programs
why must drugs be approved for use in food animals by veterinary drugs directorate of health canada? (5)
- Review sponsoring company dossiers
- Human safety (Mainly residues, more recently also resistance)
- Animal safety
- Efficacy
- Quality control / manufacturing practices
what is a maximum residue limit?
- MRLs are the highest amount of residue that may remain on or in food when an approved product is used according to label directions.
- MRLs are legal and enforceable limits set for the different combinations of pesticides/drugs and
foods
what is the purpose of extra label drug use? what must vets provide in these cases?
- Main purpose is to help protect the public from harmful residues when vets determine extra-label use is necessary
- Provide advice on withdrawal times, based on published and unpublished data from many countries
residues vs resistance
Residues are chemical contaminants: Allergens, Toxins, Carcinogens
Resistance is a characteristic of biological contaminants (ie bacteria): Programs to reduce foodborne pathogens do not distinguish between resistant and susceptible organisms
what is antimicrobial resistance?
(AMR) happens when microbes are able to resist of the effect of a drug—that is, the drug is no longer effective at killing or stopping the growth of the microbe
why does AMR happen? (3)
-Microbes are highly adaptable and can mutate in response to environmental changes
-Any antimicrobial use can lead to resistance
-The overuse or inappropriate use of
antimicrobials are the leading causes of increased AMR
why do we use antimicrobials (3)
-To treat or control infections
-To prevent infections
-To promote growth and feed efficiency
why does AMR matter for humans/animals (4) and the environment (2)?
humans and animals
-increased disease duration
-increased morbidity and mortality
-increased health care costs
-decreased access to currently available therapies
environment
-decreased food security
-decreased stability of agricultural communities
what drives antimicrobial usage in livestock? (6)
- type(s) of animals
- disease threats
- past experience
- season
- cost of production
- market value of the animal product
what drives antimicrobial usage in humans and companion animals? (7)
- clinical context/disease
- economics
- culture
- expectations of patients/clients
- lack of social infrastructure
- lack of education
- how AMR risks are perceived
are vets and farmers stakeholders in the issue of of antimicrobial use
and resistance in the Canadian food chain?
yes!!!! both of them alongside many other organizations
two challenges with “bouncing back”
- sometimes resisting change is dysfunctional
- current ‘normal’ is neither sustainable nor equitable
adaptation vs resilience
Adaptation – the process of maintaining system function
Resilience – a broader system property
what does bouncing forward emphasize
- Emphasizes innovation, flexibility,
emergence and transformation - Transformative resilience
resilience vs health? does resilience = health?
- Resilience - ability to respond to
surprise and maintain function/capacity - Health - ability to cope with change
- Does resilience = health?
- If a tree is healthy is it resilient?
- If a production system is resilient, is it healthy?
- If I am healthy, am I resilient?
inequality vs inequity
- Inequality – is a measurable difference in health risk, health status or health outcome between two or more population groups
- Inequity – unfair, avoidable differences in access arising from poor governance, corruption or exclusion (socially produced); Differences in the social determinants of (animal) health
when does reciprocal care occur? does it disadvantage one species over another?
“…occurs when we take care of each
other, our communities and our natural environment to create and sustain social and ecological options to reduce vulnerability, avoid unintended consequences, and promote resilience.”
- Humans, animals and ecosystems
reach their full health potential - Does not disadvantage one species
over any other nor future generations for the current generation - Interspecies and intergenerational
equity
what are some barriers to veterinary care? (8)
- Cost
- Availability of services
- Cultural or language barriers
- Perceptions of services
- Transportation barriers
- Clinic location and hours of operation
- Medical condition or disability
- Education level
what are some impacts of lack of access? (4)
- Reduced animal welfare
- Increased risk of zoonotic and vectorborne diseases
- Negative impacts on owner mental health (e.g. inability to care)
- Negative impacts on veterinarian wellbeing (e.g. stress, burnout)
benefits to access of care and examples
- Improved animal welfare, community health, environmental health and access to human healthcare
- In urban communities: “…significant increases in perceptions of community health and environmental health, and perceived access to human health care”
- “the infusion of resources into the companion animal component of the One Health triad may positively impact an individual’s understanding of their access to human health services”
- “an infusion of resources into the companion animal component of the One Health triad could encourage a more positive realization of one’s access to natural spaces
what are barriers to care found in the OVC study
-surrender
-economic risk
what creates conditions for novel pathogen emergence and spread?
Stressed humans and stressed animals living together in stressed ecosystems are creating conditions for novel pathogen emergence and spread
what two services can lead to resilience?
healthcares services and ecological services
what does sustainable development allow for
Sustainable development… “meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
By striving to improve health of all and reduce inequities, we build redundancies into systems and improve resilience
what is the common reason there are environmental/agro-industrial chemical residues in food?
Low-level contamination most
common; most through human
error (accidents)
can PRMP for salmonella and campylobacter for raw poultry determine pathogen free status?
No, It is only to verify process controls but not pathogen free status (i/e prevent or reduce the contamination as much as possible)
examples of surveillance and sampling that can be done (4)
Granuloma Submission Program (Bovine Tuberculosis surveillance)
BSE surveillance sampling (dead, dying, down, diseased)
Drug residues and contaminants
Microbial testing
common chicken pathology (7)
- Ascites
- Air sacculitis
- Salpingitis
- Liver conditions
- Pericloacal cellulitis
- Dark Coloured Carcass (DCC)
- Emaciation
what is involved in mulsim ritual slaughter (halal)
Prayer must be performed
Reversible stunning may be performed before bleeding
Kosher approved carcass is Halal
acceptable as long as prayer was
performed
what is stunning?
Unconsciousness must be achieved –
ascertained by lack of vocalization, blink reflex, righting reflex, rhythmic breathing, conscious movements (should be relaxed, floppy [may display tonic rigidity or clonic
movements])
Insensibility must last until brain death
Red meat species must be insensible
prior to handing/ shackling
what is the food animal information document (FAID) for poultry?
- Also known as the flock sheet, this provides information to screen for potential chemical and biological hazards
- Information to be provided is specified as per the SFCR
two ways to prevent rabies
- avoid exposure
- vaccinate animals
