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211 > Oncorhynchus > Flashcards

Oncorhynchus Flashcards

1
Q

Which spp. typically have relatively small number of individuals per populations but very large numbers of populations?

A

kisutch

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2
Q

What are the three semelparous ‘classic’ pac. salmon to have jacks?

A

Coho, sockeye, chinook

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3
Q

How do you tell the difference between a coho and chinook juve?

A

coho has an opaque adipose fin, sickle shaped anal fin, and white/black leading edge on anal and dorsal fin. . chinook has a clear adipose, and no leading edges and no sickle shaped fin.

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4
Q

What is a coho’s average life span?

A

2-4 years

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5
Q

Coho’s native distribution

A

N.Japan to Monteray, CA.

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6
Q

Which species is thought to have maybe a third refugium in the Haida Gwaii?

A

Coho

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7
Q

What is the relation of stream size to population size for Chinook?

A

They tend to spawn in larger streams, so larger populations, but not as many populations. Opposite from Coho.

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8
Q

How many years in FW do Southern coho spend?

A

1 year

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9
Q

How many years in FW do Northern coho spend?

A

2 years

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10
Q

What happens to Coho fry in the winter?

A

they move to off channel overwintering areas such as beaver ponds, flooded wetland and side channels.

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11
Q

How many winters at sea do coho jacks spend?

A

0

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12
Q

How long do ‘hooknose’ cohos spend in SW?

A

one winter, 18 months.

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13
Q

What is the age class for hooknose coho?

A

1.1 or 3/2

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14
Q

what is the age class for Juve cohos?

A

1.0 or 2/2

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15
Q

What food are coho dependant on as both Juve and Hooknose?

A

drifting insects, like chironomids

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16
Q

Where are coho endangered?

A

Georgia Straight, Interior

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17
Q

distribution of Chinook

A

Hokkaido to Anadyr river (syberia) to San Juaquin

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18
Q

What is the longest inland migration of any pacific salmon in North America, and by who?

A

Chinook migrated up the Yukon to its headwaters.

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19
Q

Characteristics of a spring type chinook

A
  • Has a relatively long period of freshwater residence
  • have precocious males
  • make major offshore migrations
  • return to their rivers in the spring/summer
  • small eggs, big fercudities
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20
Q

Characteristics of an ocean type chinook

A
  • migrate to sea within three months of emergence from the gravel
  • do not have precocious males
  • spend most of their ocean life in inshore waters
  • have larger eggs and lower fercundities
  • return to their natal rivers in the fall
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21
Q

How long do Springs spend in FW before migration?

A

at least one year

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22
Q

Where do you commonly find more Springs? more Oceans?

A

Springs: North. Oceans: South (van isle pops are >94% oceans)

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23
Q

How long does the growth difference between Ocean and Spring Chinooks last?

A

The difference that ocean types are larger are within the first 3-4 years of life.

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24
Q

How many winters do Ocean type Chinook typically spend?

A

1-4

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25
Q

What is the age range for Ocean Type Chinook?

A

0.1 to 0.4 or 2/1 - 5/1

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26
Q

What is the age range for Springs?

A

1.1 to 1.5 or 3/2 - 6/2

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27
Q

Chinook diet: Fry

A

chironomid larvae and adults, copepods, shrimp

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28
Q

how is the red pigment obtained in a salmon’s flesh?

A

ingestion from their diet and later deposition in the flesh of carotenoid pigments

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29
Q

Why is there white fleshed chinooks?

A

based on genetic differences. Some fish simply cant deposit carotenoids in their flesh.

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30
Q

What do you call a skin pigment

A

carotenoid

31
Q

Spawning colors in chinook

A

remarkably variable. From dusky, to dull brassy sheen to deep rose.

32
Q

is there a great difference in sexual dimorphism between male and female chinook?

A

in coloration, not really. In development, sorta. Head and jaw bigger, body deeper in males.

33
Q

Chinook Status

A

Georgia straight seems to be in catastrophic decline

34
Q

name the two Masu’s

A

Cherry: masou masou and Amago, masou macrostomus

35
Q

What is to be said of Masu in regards to semelparity?

A

Seems to be the ‘missing link’ between iteroparous and semelparous spp. Anadromous spp are semelparous, Non-anadromous spp are iteroparous

36
Q

Which masu has a precocious male?

A

both! haha hahahaaaa

37
Q

Which is the only pacific salmon with colored spots?

A

Masou

38
Q

What are the three most derived species of the family Salmonidae?

A

Chum, pink, sockeye

39
Q

how many gill rakers do chummies have?

A

11-17 stubby ones

40
Q

How would you distinguish a chum juve?

A

short stubby gill rakers, small parrs AVBOVE LAT LINE, parrs are evenly distributed. irredescent green below lat line

41
Q

Distinguishing characteristics of chums that i’d usually not think of

A

white tips on the pelvic and anal fins (present in ocean as well), lateral band down their side, thin caudal pedunc.

42
Q

How far do chum usually travel up the river? what is the exception, and how long?

A

200km, Yukon and Mackenzie, 3700km up yukon.

43
Q

Which salmon has the widest distribution of any pacific salmon?

A

Chum

44
Q

What is Chum’s distribution?

A

SOUTH KOREA, BERING STRAIT, ARCTIC COAST, SACRAMENTO RIVER

45
Q

What is interesting about Chum’s run times?

A

“countergradient variation”. They are known to have summer and fall runs into the same river system, but late run ‘compensate’ by producing small, therefore fast growing, eggs so that both runs leave the estuary at the same time. safety in numbers, spring plankton bloom.

46
Q

What is countergradient variation, and what spp does it affect?

A

Chum. Genetic differences have evolved to ‘counter’ the differentiating environmental effects on water temperature on run-timing.

47
Q

what do chum eat in FW and estuaries?

A

larvae of chironomids, copepods. in estuaries they’ll come back for insect larvae, which means they undergo major daily changes in salinity

48
Q

What can be said of Chum’s status?

A

East coast of Van isle has dropped dramatically, for no apparent reason. Maybe esturine habitat degradation and over fishing.

49
Q

Chum’s age, Southern BC

A

3/1 or 4/1 or 0.2 or 0.3

50
Q

what is chums age range

A

2 (rarely) to 6 (far north) in south typically 3-4

51
Q

how long do chum stay in the upper part of estuaries?

A

3-4 weeks

52
Q

what are pink salmon age?

A

2/1 or 0.1

53
Q

distinguishing pink JUVE characteristics

A

NO PARRS, dorsal greenish, ventral silver

54
Q

how many scales on a pink?

A

> 170 on lat line

55
Q

Pink distribution

A

Siberia, Asia, Puget sound to Norton sound, alaska.

56
Q

For pink salmon, the fact that they have no parr marks are associated with what other species?

A

Subfamily Coregoninae (stenodus and coregonus spp)

57
Q

Where are odd year runs dominant for Pink Salmon?

A

Southern end of their North America distribution. Even are dominant from QCI to Alaska.

58
Q

Which semelparous pacific salmon is the least fercund? Why is this probably the case?

A

Pink. shows that large egg size is advantageous for going straight to sea.

59
Q

which of the ‘classic five’ is least affected by human activities?

A

pink

60
Q

How can you tell its a sockeye JUVE?

A

parr marks, mostly divided in half by lateral line. Tons of gill rakers.

61
Q

how can you tell a sockeye from a chum?

A

Sockeye dont have a white tip in the anal fin like chum. sockeye have way more gill rakers, and way longer.

62
Q

Global distribution of sockeye

A

Hokkaido to kamchatka, mackenzie river to sacramento river

63
Q

What is to be said of the phylogeography of Nerka?

A

hat there is both a bering and pacific type of sockeye and kokanee, and that also there is a possibility of a ‘sea type’ that survived along our coasts.

64
Q

where is nerka’s region of maximum abundance?

A

Columbia to kuskokwim river, alaska

65
Q

where will sockeye be found in FW in relation to chum?

A

sockeye will only be found in watersheds with accessible lakes.

66
Q

How long will sockeye spend in lakes as juveniles before they migrate?

A

at least on year.

67
Q

How many winters will sockeye spend at sea?

A

at least on winter, jacks included. Most southern populations will spend 2 winters at sea after one winter in FW, and return to FW in their fourth year in life.

68
Q

What is the average age of sockeye?

A

1.2 or 4/2

69
Q

What is the average age of a Jack sockeye?

A

1.1 or 3/2

70
Q

sockeye juve food

A

zooplankton, chironomid larvae

71
Q

what do adult sockeye usually feed on?

A

macrozooplankton (euphausiids and amphipoids) small fish and squid

72
Q

what is to be said of Nerka as a species complex?

A

parallel evolution.

73
Q

what is an example of countergradient selection in Nerka?

A

both sockeye and kokanee can turn red, but had to become genetically different to do so. (genetically selected for better use of their limited supply of carotenoids). kokanees are 3X more effective at using carotinoid pigments.

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