Oncopathology: Molecular Basis of Cancer 1

Question 1

Etiology of cancer

Answer 1

1-Environmental
2-familial

Question 2

PRECURSOR LESION LEADING TO CANCER

Answer 2

They are not cancer, but they are one stage before cancer. If a person doesn
’t take care, it will
go for cancer.

Question 3

POINT MUTATION

Answer 3

lose or gain of One base of the DNA.
The gene cannot function properly (the gene maybe high active or less active)

Question 4

Point notation More active

Answer 4

RAS over expressed

Question 5

Less active

Answer 5

Tp53 inactive

Question 6

Environmental causes of cancer?

Answer 6

Physical
Chemical
Biological
Precursors

Question 7

It’s a cancer etiology and has a very small role

Answer 7

Familial cause

Question 8

PHYSICAL -RADIATION

Answer 8

X-rays •UV rays of sunlight gamma rays

Question 9

X-ray mechanism

Answer 9

X-rays -DNA break/translocation/point mutation

Question 10

Ex of PHYSICAL -RADIATION cancer

Answer 10

Ex: Squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma.

Question 11

Biological Causes

Answer 11

Bacteria
Viruses

Question 12

Example of bacteria causing cancer

Answer 12

H Pylori

Question 13

Example of cancers that cause by H pylori bacteria

Answer 13

adenocarcinoma & Lymphoma

Question 14

How H pylori cause cancer?

Answer 14

Because it’s causing Chronic inflammation so we need more cells division
which leads to high chances for mutations and less
time to repair any damage causing cancer.

Question 15

Viruses

Answer 15

•RNA Virus HTLV

•DNA Virus HPV, EBV, KSHV, HBV, polyomavirus

Question 16

Pathogenesis is chinflammation

Answer 16

•Chin inflammation Cause proliferation -
Mutations in the cells -
risk of a ca.

Question 17

Cystitis

Answer 17

Urinary bladder cancer

Question 18

Cystitis urinary bladder cancer cause by

Answer 18

Schistosomiasis

Question 19

Osteomyelitis (sinus carcinoma) caused by

Answer 19

Bacterial infection (also lymphoma and adenocarcinoma)

Question 20

Chemical carcinogens

Answer 20

1-INITIATORS (Mutagenic)
Direct and indirect acting
2-promoter (forced proliferation)

Question 21

: It is not toxic itself but will be converted into
another toxic product by body enzymes
“like aprotoxin and nitrates
”

Answer 21

Initiators

Question 22

: It can directly cause damage to the DNA and cause
cancer. And it directly acts.

Answer 22

Initiators direct acting

Question 23

it does not cause mutation. only stimulates the cell to divide, then Excessive division leads to high chances for mutations and less time to repair any damage causing cancer.

Answer 23

•Phenols, estrogen

By Stimulates proliferation of mutated cells –Risk of Ca

Question 24

Cyclophosphamide directly cause skin tumor

Answer 24

Direct acting

Question 25

Aflatoxin B1 , Nitrites

Answer 25

Indirect acting

Question 26

Liver flukes cause which type of cancer

Answer 26

Cholangitis (choloangio carinoma)

Question 27

Alcoholism cause which type of cancer

Answer 27

Pancreatitis (pancreatic cancer) اشرب كحول كثير تسبب لي انفلاميشن اسمه بانكرياتيتس مع الوقت يجيني بانكرياتك كارسينوما

Question 28

Bacteria and stones Causes which type of cancer and inflammation

Answer 28

Cholecystitis (gall bladder cancer

Question 29

Has tropism for CD4 Lymphocytes Causes leukemia/lymphoma By stimulating proliferation

Answer 29

Human T cell lymphotropicvirus 1

Question 30

its RNA will be converted to DNA and integrated with human DNA -> increase cells proliferating which type of viruses

Answer 30

RNA VIRUS HTLV -1

Question 31

DNA VIRUS (5)

Answer 31

1.Human Papilloma virus (HPV) 2.Epstein Barr virus (EBV) 3.Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus(KSHV) 4.Hepatitis B virus (HBV) 5. Polyomavirus

Question 32

Leads to cervical cancer as well as pharynx “

Answer 32

1.Human Papilloma virus (HPV)

Question 33

Hpv16 , hpv18 –Ca of cervix & pharynx how?

Answer 33

1-Secrets E6. E7 proteins 2-E6 –degrade P53, DNA 3-E7 acts on gene products

Question 34

Can prevented by vaccination

Answer 34

Hpv16,hpv18

Question 35

Stimulates proliferation of BL -Burkittlymphoma Others Hodgkin lymphoma , Nasopharyngialcarcinoma, Gastric carcinoma, B cell Lymphomas, T cell and NK cell tumors etc

Answer 35

EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS

Question 36

Liver cancer caused by which virus

Answer 36

Hbv hcv

Question 37

human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8). Athoer name

Answer 37

KAPOSI SARCOMA HERPESVIRUS (KSHV)

Question 38

There features in herpes

Answer 38

A vascular tumor In HIV patients Organ transplant

Question 39

Ca IS ENVIRONMENT OR FAMILIAL known is

Answer 39

Families with Le-fraumeni syndrome

Question 40

Ca IS ENVIRONMENT OR FAMILIAL

Answer 40

Mutation of tumor suppressor gene Enzymes cytochrome P-450

Question 41

Types of PRECURSOR LESION LEADING TO CANCER

Answer 41

Squamous metaplasia –Ca lung Endometrial hyperplasia –Ca Leukoplakia –SCC:

Question 42

They are not cancer, but they are one stage before cancer. If a person doesn ’t take care, it will go for cancer.

Answer 42

Precursor

Question 43

bronchial lining Epithelial cells will be converted from columnar to squamous (because of smoking)

Answer 43

Squamous metaplasia. A

Question 44

Secreting of which Hermon leads to Endometrial hyperplasia

Answer 44

Estrogen in polycystic ovary

Question 45

Over secretion of Estrogen effects

Answer 45

Endometrium is becoming thick, hyperplastic with cysts, there will be more proliferation of the cell. If proper treatment is not taken, this may long term lead to cancer

Question 46

white patches in tung with people smoke or chow tobacco

Answer 46

Leukoplakia

Question 47

If Leukoplakia not treated will cause

Answer 47

Squamous cell carcinoma Adenoma colon Rare in other tumor

Question 48

What is cancer

Answer 48

abnormal growth In a single cell with >20,000 mutations by Radiation Chemicals Biological agents Inherited

Question 49

•GENES MUTATED ARE 4

Answer 49

Proto-oncogene Tumor suppressor gene Apoptotic gene Immune /DNA repair gene

Question 50

•GENETIC LESION

Answer 50

1-Point mutation 2-Aneuploidy 3-Structural abnormalities 1-Balanced translocation 2-Deletion Gene Amplification •Micro RNA •Epigenetic modifications

Question 51

•GENETIC LESION

Answer 51

1-Point mutation 2-Aneuploidy 3-Structural abnormalities 1-Balanced translocation 2-Deletion Gene Amplification •Micro RNA •Epigenetic modifications