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Therapeutics IV > Oncology - Wendt > Flashcards

Oncology - Wendt Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 8 hallmarks of cancer?

A
  • Sustain proliferative signaling
  • Evade growth suppressors
  • Replicative immortality
  • Resist cell death
  • Resist immune system
  • Deregulate cellular energetics
  • Angiogenesis
  • Ability to invade/metastasize
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2
Q

Cancer definition

A

Malignant neoplasm

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3
Q

Neoplasm definition

A

New growth, benign or malignant

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4
Q

Neoplasia definition

A

Process of expansion due to defects in the molecular controls that regulate cellular proliferation/death

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5
Q

Tumor definition

A

Lump or swelling

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6
Q

Hyperplasia

A

increase in number of cells

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7
Q

metaplasia

A

Substitution of one type of adult tissue to another type of adult tissue (ie epithelial cells are squamous not columnar)

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8
Q

Dysplasia

A

Loss of normal architecture (ie loss of layers)

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9
Q

Anaplasia

A

Loss of structural differentiation

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10
Q

Desmoplasia

A

Proliferation of connective tissues and cells

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11
Q

Carcinoma

A

Malignant neoplasm of epithelial cell origin

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12
Q

Adenoma

A

Epithelial neoplasm of glandular tissue

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13
Q

Papilloma

A

Benign tumor of surface epithelium in which neoplastic cells grow outward in finger-like stalks

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14
Q

Teratoma

A

Germ cell neoplasm made of different differentiated tissue types

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15
Q

Sarcoma

A

Malignant neoplasm iwth origin in mesenchymal tissue (soft tissue - muscle, fat, vessels, etc)

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16
Q

Lymphoma/leukemia

A

Malignant neoplasm of hematopoietic tissues

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17
Q

Blastoma

A

Malignancies in precursor cells (blasts)

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18
Q

Melanoma

A

Cancer of pigment proucing cells

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19
Q

Stages of cancer progression

A
  1. Cell w/mutation
  2. Hyperplasia
  3. Dysplasia
  4. In situa (cancer)
  5. Invasive cancer
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20
Q

____ is the most lethal aspect of cancer

A

Metastasis

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21
Q

Steps of metastasis

A
  1. Normal epithelium
  2. Dysplasia/adenoma
  3. Carcinoma in situ
  4. Invasive carcinoma
  5. Intravasation
  6. Extravasation
22
Q

Metastasis is a highly ____ process

A

inefficient (cells constantly have to adapt to survive in new locations in body)

23
Q

What is the seed and soil hypothesis?

A

Tumor cells have specific affinity for certain organs; metastases form only when seed/soil (cells/organs) are compatible

24
Q

What cells are in tumor?

A

Lots of non-cancer cells - lymphocytes, mast cells, endothelial cells, blood vessels, etc

25
Normal epithelial tissue are very ____. Cancer tissue are same cells, but ____
organized | disorganized
26
What are the stains used in epithelium staining?
Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)
27
Leukemia is cancer of _____ of hematopoietic origin
WBCs
28
Hematopoiesis is cancer of ?
Blood cells - can be progenitors or differentiated cells (T lymphoytes, B lymphocytes, basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil, moncyte)
29
What is lymphoma?
Cancer from lymph nodes
30
What differentiates Hodgkin's Lymphoma from Non-hodgkin's?
presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin's Lymphoma
31
Numerical staging system of carcinomas
``` 0: In situ, no local invasion I: Microscopic invasion II: 4-9 surround lymph nodes III: 10+ surrounding lymph IV: Distant metastases ```
32
Numerical staging system is use for what type of tumors?
Solid tumors
33
Numerical staging is based on what info?
Tumor size, location, number
34
What is the TNM Staging System?
T - primary tumor (size/extent) N - lymph node involvement M - metastases (y/n)
35
What are summary staging stages?
In situ - only in original layer of cells Localized - organ in which it began only Regional - Beyond primary site to nearby lymph nodes/tissues/organs Distant - to distant tissues or organs or lymph nodes
36
Difference b/w staging and grading?
Staging - based on size/extent/location of tumors | Grading - based on description of tumor tissue under microscope
37
What is tumor grading?
Assessment of tissue differentiation (1 - well differentiated to 4 - undifferentiated)
38
What is Rous Sarcoma Virus?
Virus that carries oncogene - when injected, it causes cancer!
39
What gene does RSV cause the overexpression of?
Src - encodes a protein similar to eukaryotic that drive proliferation and tumor progression
40
What are some other oncogenic viruses?
``` HPV (cervical cancer) EBV KSHS HBV (liver cancer) HCV (liver cancer) SV40 Adenovirus ```
41
What's Her2?
Proto-oncogene found amplified in many breast cancers to drive proliferation
42
What are tumor suppressor genes?
Genes that inhibit cancer formation - when inactivated can cause tumor progression/cell proliferation
43
Are tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes more likely to drive therapy?
Oncogenes
44
What is molecular pathology?
Looking at genetic pathology of tumors - like Her2 expression in breast cancer
45
What is diagnostic molecular pathology?
Genomic DNA from lung cancer biopsied to determine particular mutations/genotypes that can drive therapy options (tumor DNA isolated and sequenced)
46
What is prognostic molecular pathology?
Tumor genome biopsied and compared to known genes that are associated with increased metastasis rates within 5 years from previous patients
47
What is oncotypeDx?
Used in prognostic molecular pathology - 21-gene comparison
48
How does prognostic molecular pathology influence treatment?
Prevents overtreatment - but doesn't influence indication/drug selection (ie may not need second round of chemo)
49
T/F: Growth of the primary tumor is usually life-threatening
FALSE - usually metastasized tumors are life-threatening; primary tumors can grow for years before producing metastasis
50
T/F: All metastasized tumors in a patient have the same genetic make-up
FALSE - Tumors mutate/adapt to survive in different tissues, so each can have different gene expression
51
____ will cure cancer (not a drug)
PREVENTION

Therapeutics IV (5 decks)

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