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RUSVM Small Animal Medicine II 2017 > Oncology and Gastroenterology > Flashcards

Oncology and Gastroenterology Flashcards

1
Q

Steps in the diagnostic work up of the cancer patient

A
  1. History
  2. Physical Exam
  3. Medical Imaging
  4. FNA and Cytology
  5. Biopsy
  6. Histopathology
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2
Q

Clinical Stage

A

Physical extent of the tumor

  • Size of the primary tumor
  • anatomical location of metastases
  • Tumor size
  • Nodal Metastasis
  • Distant Metastasis
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3
Q

Histiological grade

A

Histiological scoring by pathologist

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4
Q

Stage

A

Extent of body affected, determined by clinician with diagnostic tests

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5
Q

What do you use a CT scan for with Oncology?

A

pulmonary metastases
Bony invasion
radiation treatment planning

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6
Q

What do you use MRI for with Oncology?

A

Neurological diagnosis

Surgical planning

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7
Q

What do you use nuclear scintigraphy for with oncology?

A

bony metastases

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8
Q

When would you perform a non-aspiration sampling technique for Oncology?

A

Lymph nodes
round cell tumors
highly vascular tumors

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9
Q

When would you perform an aspiration sampling technique for oncology?

A

Hard/firm lesions
very small lesions where multiple passes are impossible
second attempt

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10
Q

What would you perform a new methylene blue stain on?

A

mast cell tumors

lipomas

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11
Q

Biopsy

A

removal of a small piece of tissue for laboratory examination

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12
Q

Incisional biopsy

A

biopsy of a selected portion of a lesion

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13
Q

Excisional biopsy

A

removal of a mass primarily for diagnostic purposes

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14
Q

When would you perform an incisional biopsy?

A

when the therapy is determined by tumor type
when extent of resection is determined by tumor type
when planning is needed because tumor is in a difficult area to reconstruct
when tumor type and predicted behavior would affect the decision to treat

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15
Q

What are the indications for Chemotherapy?

A

Patients with measurable tumor known to be sensitive to chemo
Adjunct therapy to suppress occult micro-metastasis after local therapy
Palliative non-resectable or metastatic cancer
to downstage/reduce a chemosensitive tumor before definitive therapy
to sensitize tissues to radiation

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16
Q

Growth fraction

A

proportion of cells that are proliferating/active in the cell cycle

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17
Q

Cell loss factor

A

sloughing, necrosis , and apoptosis

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18
Q

Goldie Coldman Hypothesis

A

once the tumor has reached one million cells, it is likely that chemo resistant cells have developed due to mutations

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19
Q

When is chemotherapy most effective?

A

during the rapid growth of the tumor

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20
Q

What have we learned from the Goldie Coldman Hypothesis?

A

Chemo should be initiated early in the course of disease

a protocol containing multiple agents is ideal

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21
Q

What are the “BAG” of adverse effects of Chemo?

A

B - Bone Marrow toxicity
A - Alopecia
G - Gastrointestinal effects

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22
Q

At what point would we administer prophylactic antibiotics with chemo?

A

less than 1,000 WBC/uL

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23
Q

What chemo causes the most vomiting?

A

Cisplatin

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24
Q

What are the anti-emetics used to combat the vomiting associated with chemotherapy?

A

Meropitant
Metaclopramide
Ondanzetron

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25
What are the GI effects seen with Chemotherapy?
Vomiting and Diarrhea
26
In what breed should you avoid Doxorubicin and why?
Dobermans with cardiomyopathy
27
In what species and age should you avoid Doxorubicin?
Geriatric cat with CRF
28
What phase of the cell cycle is refractory to chemo?
G0
29
What chemo drugs target Interphase and Protein and RNA synthesis?
L-Asparaginase
30
What chemo drugs target DNA synthesis?
Antimetabolites | Doxorubicin????
31
What chemo drugs target Protein and RNA Synthesis and Mitotic spindle formation?
Vinca Alkaloids | Taxanes
32
What chemo drugs target mitosis and segregation of DNA into daughter cells?
Vinca Alkaloids | Taxanes
33
What chemo drugs are cell cycle independent?
Alkylating agents: Cyclophosphamide Platinum agents: cisplatin Doxorubicin
34
What are the chemo drugs in the Alkylating agents category?
``` Cyclophosphamide Chlorambucil Melphalan CCNU Ifosfamide ```
35
What is the mechanism of action for Alkylating agents?
Alkylate DNA bases crosslinks induce apoptosis
36
What is the toxicity associated with Cyclophosphamide?
Sterile hemorrhagic cystitis
37
What causes Sterile hemorrhagic cystitis?
Acrolein
38
How do you prevent Sterile hemorrhagic cystitis?
Give the medication in the AM and allow the animal to urinate often
39
What is the toxicity associated with CCNU?
Hepatotoxicity
40
What are the chemo drugs in the Antitumor Antibiotics category?
Doxorubicin Mitoxantrone Epirubicin
41
What is the mechanism of action for Antitumor Antibiotics?
Intercalation into DNA Inhibition of topoisomerase II Production of free radicals Cell membrane damage
42
What do you use Mitoxantrone to treat?
Mast Cell tumors
43
What is the toxicity associated with Doxorubicin in dogs?
Cardiotoxic irreversibly after 6 doses
44
What is the toxicity associated with Doxorubicin in cats?
Nephrotoxic
45
What are the chemo drugs in the Spindle Toxins category?
Vinca Alkaloids: VIncristine and Vinblastine | Taxanes: Paclitaxel and Docetaxel
46
What is the mechanism of action for Spindle Toxins?
Cell cycle specific M-phase | bind tubulin/interfere with Mitotic spindle formation or microtubule disassembly
47
What are the toxicities associated with Vincristine?
Myelosuppressive GI Peripheral neuropathy tissue irritation
48
What is the reaction associated with Taxanes?
high rate of allergic reactions
49
What is the mechanism of action for Platinum drugs?
Platinum binds to DNA causing crosslinks
50
What are the chemo drugs in the Platinum category?
Cisplatin | Carboplatin
51
What is the toxicity associated with Cisplatin and cats?
Fatal idiosyncratic pulmonary edema in cats | Cisplat = "Cats go splat"
52
What are the toxicities associated with Platinum Chemo drugs?
Vomiting Nephrotoxicity Fatal idiosyncratic pulmonary edema in cats
53
What are the reasons for chemotherapy failure?
Pharmacologic Kinetic issues Cellular resistance MDR/ABCB1
54
What is the mutation associated with toxicity with chemotherapy?
MDR-1
55
What do you treat TCC with?
Piroxicam (NSAID)
56
What tumors can be treated with NSAIDs?
``` Carcinomas: Bladder Prostate Oral cavity Nasal Mammary gland tumors ```
57
What is the mechanism of action for Toceranib?
Tyrosine kinase inhibitor
58
Radiation Dose
Amount of radiation absorbed by the patient
59
ERBT
(external beam ration therapy) Radiation delivered from outside the body using a machine to aim high energy x or gamma rays at the tumors
60
Fraction
individual administration of dose radiation
61
What are the 5 Rs of radiation therapy?
``` Repair Repopulation Redistribution Reoxygenation Radiosensitive ```
62
SRS
Stereotactic radiosurgery
63
SRT
Stereotactic radiation therapy
64
When would you use Cryotherapy?
superficial lesions only | less than 1-1.5 cm
65
What is the premise for the use of Electrochemotherapy?
electrical impulse can open channels in cells that chemotherapy has the potential to enter into those cells
66
Definition of Lymphoma
malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue
67
How do yo diagnose Lymphoma?
FNA/Cytology | LN Tissue Biopsy
68
Where does Lymphoma metastasize to?
LNs Liver Bone marrow
69
What syndrome is associated with Lymphoma?
Paraneoplastic syndrome
70
What are the Chemotherapy drugs with activity against Lymphoma?
``` Prednisone/Dex Doxorubicin Vincristine Cyclophosphamide L-Asparaginase CCNU ```
71
What is the single strongest agent against Lymphoma?
Doxorubicin
72
What are the clinical signs associated with Lymphoma?
``` Generalized painless lymphadenopathy weight loss anorexia lethargy secondary to paraneoplastic syndrome Anemia ```
73
What is the multi agent protocol for High grade Lymphoma?
CHOP
74
What is the remission duration associated with Doxorubicin used in the treatment of High grade Lymphoma?
6-7 months
75
What is the remission duration associated with the CHOP protocol used in the treatment of High grade Lymphoma?
9-12 months
76
Which has a better prognosis B cell Lymphoma or T cell Lymphoma?
B cell | "B is better"
77
What should you consider in the treatment of localized lymphoma?
Surgery or radiation
78
How often should you recheck for lymphoma?
every 1-2 months | aspirate small nodes
79
What treatment would you consider for Low Grade Lymphoma?
Prednisone | Chlorambucil
80
What is the MST for low grade Lymphoma?
1.5 years +
81
How do you diagnose lymphoma in a feline?
``` MDB FNA/cytology Radiographs Endoscopy Surgical Exploratory BIOPSY: GIT, Liver, Spleen, and nodes ```
82
Where is the most common anatomic location for Feline Lymphoma?
GI tract
83
What are the clinical signs for GI lymphoma in a feline?
inappetance vomiting weight loss diarrhea
84
How do you treat Lymphocytic Lymphoma in Felines?
Prednisone | Chlorambucil
85
What is the MST for Lymphocytic Lymphoma in Felines?
2 years
86
What is the treatment for GI/Multicentric Lymphoblastic Lymphoma in Felines?
CHOP protocol
87
What is the MST for GI/Multicentric Lymphoblastic Lymphoma in Felines?
2.5 years +
88
What is the treatment for Colonic Lymphoma in Felines?
Surgical biopsy/mass removal | Chemo
89
What is the MST for colonic Lymphoma in felines?
3-4 months
90
What are the clinical signs for Mediastinal/Thymic Lymphoma in Felines?
Dyspnea | dull lung sounds
91
How do you diagnose Mediastinal/Thymic Lymphoma in Felines?
Radiographs | U/S guided FNA
92
How do you treat Mediastinal/Thymic Lymphoma in Felines?
CHOP Protocol | Surgery or Radiation for localized lesion
93
What is the Remission time for Mediastinal/Thymic Lymphoma in Felines?
6 months
94
What are the clinical signs for Lymphoid Leukemia?
``` Vague eight loss Vomiting Diarrhea lethargy lymphadenopathy splenomegaly Thrombocytopenia Anemia neutropenia ```
95
How do you diagnose Lymphoid Leukemia?
MDB | Flow cytometry
96
How do you treat Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia?
Prednisone | CHOP
97
What is the MST for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia?
5 months
98
What are the clinical signs for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia?
Anorexia Weight loss lethargy
99
How do you diagnose Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia?
Bone marrow aspirate | Flow Cytometry
100
What is the treatment for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia?
Chlorambucil + prednisone if there are clinical signs
101
What is the MST Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia?
1-3 years
102
What are the clinical signs for Multiple Myeloma?
``` lethargy inappetance lameness CNS signs bleeding ```
103
How do you diagnose Multiple Myeloma?
``` MDB MONOCLONAL GAMMOPATHY! Radiographs Ultrasound FNA of liver and spleen Electrophoresis Bone Marrow Aspirate ```
104
What are the four requirements for Multiple Myeloma?
1. Plasma cell infiltrate in bone marrow or other organs (spleen or liver) 2. Monoclonal gammopathy in serum 3. Monoclonal gammopathy in urine 4. Osteolytic bone lesions
105
What is the treatment for Multiple Myeloma?
Melphalon - oral Prednisone Cyclophosphamide and Chlorambucil are effective
106
What is the MST for Multiple Myeloma in a dog?
18 months
107
What is the MST for Multiple Myeloma in a cat?
8 months +
108
What are the neoplastic Histiocystic diseases?
Histiocytic Sarcoma Malignant Histiocystosis
109
What are the non neoplastic Histiocystic diseases?
Cutaneous Histiocytosis | Systemic Histiocytosis
110
What is the treatment for Histiocytoma?
Self-limiting: resolve in weeks
111
Where do you often find Histocytic Sarcoma?
Skin/SQ Spleen Lung
112
What staging should you perform if you suspect Histocytic Sarcoma?
Regional LN aspirate Thoracic radiographs Abdominal ultrasound Bone marrow aspirate
113
What is the treatment for Histocytic Sarcoma without metastases?
Surgery | radiation
114
What is the prognosis for Histocytic Sarcoma without metastases?
1 year +
115
What chemotherapy can you use with Histocytic Sarcoma?
CCNU/Doxorubicin | Prednisone
116
What are the clinical signs for Polycythemia Vera?
Lethargy Anorexia seizures/ataxia
117
How do you diagnose Polycythemia Vera?
MDB: erythrocytosis Ultrasound Radiographs
118
What is the treatment for Polycythemia Vera?
Phlebotomy - 20ml/kg | Chemo: Hydroxyurea, Busulfan or other alkylating agents
119
What the prognosis for Polycythemia Vera?
1-3 years
120
What is the most common skin tumor in dogs?
Mast cell Tumors
121
What are the clinical signs of Mast cell Tumors?
``` pruritic asymptomatic GI signs: anorexia, vomiting Hives Wheezing Hypotension Anaphylactoid rxns ```
122
How do you diagnose Mast cell Tumors?
``` FNA/Cytology Staging: LN aspirate Abdominal Ultrasound: Liver and Spleen aspirates Thoracic radiographs Bone Marrow aspirate ```
123
What is the treatment for Mast cell Tumors?
Surgery - DO NOT USE MORPHINE! Radiation therapy if non-resectable: CCNU, Vinblastine, toceranib, and Prednisone Symptomatic therapy
124
What is the MST for high grade Mast cell Tumors?
6-12 months
125
What is the most common form of Feline Mast cell Tumors?
Mastocystic
126
Where is the most common place for cutaneous Mast cell Tumors in cats?
Head and neck | Pinnae and base of ear
127
How do you diagnose cutaneous Mast cell Tumors in cats?
FNA/cytology
128
What is the treatment for cutaneous Mast cell Tumors in cats?
Surgery for localized lesions | if not resectable: CCNU, vinblastine, toceranib, and prednisone
129
What is the treatment for Diffuse miliary cutaneous Mast cell Tumors in cats?
``` CCNU Vinblastine Prednisone Toceranib Symptomatic therapy ```
130
What is the treatment for splenic Mast cell Tumors in cats?
Surgery + chemo
131
What is the MST for splenic Mast cell Tumors in cats?
12-19 months
132
What is the treatment of choice for intestinal Mast cell Tumors in cats?
Chemo
133
Feline Vaccine Associated Sarcoma
Tumor development 1 month to 10 years post vaccination
134
How do you diagnose Feline Vaccine Associated Sarcoma?
FNA/Cytology | Tissue biopsy
135
Where do Feline Vaccine Associated Sarcoma metastasize to?
Lungs Skin LNs
136
What staging is recommended for Feline Vaccine Associated Sarcoma?
CT scan | Thoracic radiographs
137
What is the treatment for Feline Vaccine Associated Sarcoma?
Surgery | NO MARGINAL RESECTION
138
What is the most common primary bone tumor in dogs?
Osteosarcoma
139
What tumors can spread to the bone?
Anal sac Mammary TCC
140
Where does Osteosarcoma metastasize to?
Lungs | Bones
141
Where is Osteosarcoma located?
"Towards the knee and away from the elbow" | Mandible and maxilla
142
What are the contributing factors to Osteosarcoma?
Multiple minor trauma with weight bearing Metallic implants Chronic osteomyelitis Fractures with no internal stabilization Exposure to ionizing radiation Bone infarcts
143
What staging would you want to perform with Osteosarcoma?
Thoracic and Appendicular Radiographs FNA Bone Scintigraphy
144
What are the clinical signs associated with Osteosarcoma?
Lameness swelling PAIN pathologic fractures
145
What has a better prognosis for Osteosarcoma?
Location: Mandible
146
What has the worst prognosis with Osteosarcoma?
Scapular Osteosarcoma
147
What is the treatment for Osteosarcoma?
``` Surgery: Amputation or Limb Sparing Radiation Therapy Chemo: Carboplatin, Doxorubicin, Cisplatin Pain Meds Bisphosphonates ```
148
What is the mechanism of action for Bisphosphonates?
reduce bone turnover
149
What is the most common malignant tumor in the dog?
Melanoma
150
What is the most common benign tumor in dogs?
Ameloblastoma
151
What is the most common malignant tumor in cats?
Squamous cell carcinoma
152
What is the most common thyroid cancer in the dog?
Thyroid carcinoma
153
What is the most common thyroid cancer in the cat?
Thyroid Adenoma
154
What are the clinical signs of Oral cancer?
``` Ptyalism Odor Changes in chewing Decreased appetite Oral bleeding ```
155
How do you diagnose Oral cancer?
FNA Incisional biopsy CT SCAN!
156
Where does Melanoma metastasize to?
Lungs Liver Submandibular LNs
157
What staging tests are performed on Melanoma?
CT SCAN! Thoracic radiographs Abdominal ultrasound LN aspirate
158
What is the treatment for Melanoma?
Surgery Radiation Chemo: Carboplatin
159
What is the MST for melanoma?
7-17 months
160
What is the treatment for Fibrosarcoma?
Surgery + radiation
161
What is the MST for Fibrosarcoma?
18-26 months
162
What is the treatment for Canine Squamous cell carcinoma?
Surgery | Radiation
163
What is the MST for Canine Squamous cell carcinoma?
26-36 months
164
What is the treatment for Feline Squamous cell carcinoma?
Surgery | Radiation
165
Where does Feline Squamous cell carcinoma metastasize to?
LNs
166
What is the MST for Feline Squamous cell carcinoma?
14 months
167
What is the treatment for Feline Fibrosarcoma?
Surgical excision | Radiation
168
What is the most common benign tumor of the oral cavity?
Ameloblastoma (Epulis)
169
What is the treatment for Ameloblastoma?
Surgical resection | Radiation
170
What is the MST for Ameloblastoma?
5 years +
171
What are the clinical signs of Nasal cancer?
Nasal discharge Sneezing Epistaxis Facial swelling and distortion
172
What are sites of Metastasis for Nasal Cancer?
Lungs | LNs
173
What are the staging tests performed for Nasal cancer?
Thoracic radiographs | FNA of LNs
174
What is the treatment for Nasal cancer?
Radiation! Chemo: CHOP or Carboplatin is palliative NSAIDs
175
What are the clinical signs of Thyroid cancer in dogs?
Dysphagia Dysphonia Horner's syndrome Hyperthyroidism
176
How do you diagnose Thyroid cancer in a dog?
Ultrasound/CT scan FNA/cytology NO INCISIONAL BIOPSY!
177
What staging tests do you perform on thyroid cancer in dogs?
``` Thoracic radiographs/ CT or MRI!!!! Scintigraphy FNA/Cytology of LNs Ultrasound abdomen MDB + T4 ```
178
Where does Thyroid cancer metastasize to in dogs?
Lungs LNs Bones Abdomen
179
What is the treatment for Canine Thyroid Tumor?
Surgery | If non resectable: Radiation
180
What is the MST for canine Thyroid Tumors?
2-3 years
181
What is the treatment for Feline Thyroid Tumors?
Surgery | Methimazole
182
What is the most common tumor of the Bladder?
Transitional cell carcinoma
183
What is the most common tumor of the urethra?
Transitional cell carcinoma
184
What are the clinical signs for canine transitional cell carcinoma?
Hematuria Dysuria Stranguria Pollakiuria
185
How do you diagnose canine TCC?
``` MDB Urinalysis + culture Abdominal imaging Radiographs Ultrasound bladder Cystoscopy ```
186
Why do you not perform FNA on canine TCC?
tumor seeding
187
How do you stage canine TCC?
Abdominal ultrasound/CT
188
Where does canine TCC metastasize to?
LN | Lungs
189
What is the treatment for canine TCC?
Surgery for apically located TCC Cystectomy Adjuvant Chemo: Piroxicam and Mitoxantrone
190
Where does Prostatic cancer metastasize to?
Lungs LNs Bone
191
What diagnostic tests should be perform for Prostatic cancer?
FNA Abdominal radiographs Ultrasound Chest radiographs or CT - Lung and bone mets
192
What is the treatment for canine Prostatic cancer?
Piroxicam (NSAIDs) Radiation therapy Urethral stents
193
What is the MST for canine prostatic cancer?
1-7 months with NSAIDs and Radiation | Radiation + chemo = 14-18months
194
What mammary glands are most commonly affected with cancer in dogs?
Caudal (4,5)
195
What diagnostic tests should be performed for Mammary gland tumors?
Thoracic and abdominal imaging
196
Where do Mammary gland tumors metastasize to?
Lungs Liver Bone
197
What is the treatment for Canine Mammary tumors?
``` Lumpectomy Mammectomy Mastectomy OHE recommended Chemo: Carboplatin + NSAIDs ```
198
What factors are NOT prognostic for Canine Mammary tumors?
``` Number of tumors Glands involved Type of surgery Age breed weight ```
199
Where do Feline Mammary gland tumors metastasize to?
``` LNs Lungs Pleura Liver Kidneys Adrenals ```
200
What are the diagnostic and staging tests for feline Mammary gland tumors?
Thoracic and abdominal imaging | CT
201
What is the treatment for Feline Mammary gland tumors?
Complete mastectomy OHE Chemo: Carboplatin and Piroxicam, Doxorubicin
202
What is the MST for Feline Mammary gland tumors?
8 months - 3 years
203
What is the most common Primary Pulmonary Mass in cats?
Adenocarcinoma
204
Where do pulmonary pulmonary masses in dogs metastasize to?
Lung LN Bone Nervous system
205
Where do primary pulmonary masses in cats metastasize to?
Digits
206
What are the diagnostic tests for Primary pulmonary masses?
Thoracic Radiographs FNA/US Cytology CT scan
207
What is the treatment for primary pulmonary masses?
Surgery for solitary lung tumors
208
What is the MST for canine primary pulmonary masses?
13 months
209
What is the prognosis for primary pulmonary tumors in cats?
115 days
210
What is the treatment of choice for Metastatic pulmonary neoplasia?
Chemotherapy
211
What are the diagnostic tests for Thymoma?
Thoracic radiographs US FNA Cytology Flow cytometry
212
What is the treatment for Thymoma?
Surgery
213
What is the MST for thymoma in dogs?
2.5months - 2years+
214
What is the MST for thymoma in cats?
5 years
215
What is the most common cardiac tumor in cats?
Lymphoma
216
What is the treatment for Hemangiosarcoma in dogs?
Surgery: Pericardiectomy + resection Chemo: Doxorubicin
217
What is the MST for Hemangiosarcoma in dogs?
1 month - 6 months
218
What is the diagnostic approach for Hemangiosarcoma of the heart?
``` MDB ECG Echocardiogram US guided FNA Cardiac troponin I ```
219
What cancers metastasize to the liver?
Lymphoma mast cell histiocytic sarcoma
220
Are malignant tumors of the liver more common in dogs or cats?
dogs
221
What are the diagnostic tests for Hepatobiliary neoplasia?
MDB Abdominal imaging Abdominal ultrasound - FNA CT scan
222
What is the treatment for Hepatobiliary tumors?
surgery
223
What is the prognosis for Hepatocellular carcinoma in cats?
Guarded to poor
224
What are the diagnostic tests for GI c cancer?
``` MDB Abdominal radiographs contrast radiography Abdominal ultrasound Thoracic imaging for mets ```
225
What is the most common SI tumor in dogs?
Lymphoma
226
What is the treatment for Lymphoma in the SI of the dog?
Chemo
227
What is the treatment for Carcinoma and Leiomyoma/Leimyosarcoma in the Si of dogs?
Surgery
228
What is the most common SI tumor in cats?
Lymphoma
229
What is the treatment for Lymphoma in the SI of the cats?
Chemo
230
What is the treatment for Carcinoma and Leiomyoma/Leimyosarcoma in the Si of cats?
Surgery
231
What are the most common tumors of the spleen in dogs?
Sarcomas
232
What are the most common tumors of the spleen in cats?
Spleen
233
How do you diagnose Splenic Hemangiosarcoma?
``` Abdominal Radiographs Abdominal ultrasound Thoracic radiographs Thoracic/Cardiac ultrasound Abdominocentesis FNA/Cytology ```
234
Where does Splenic Hemangiosarcoma metastasize to?
Liver | Lungs
235
What is the treatment for Splenic Hemangiosarcoma?
Stabilize! | Surgery
236
What is the MST for Splenic Hemangiosarcoma with surgery?
1.5-3 months
237
What is the MST for Splenic Hemangiosarcoma with surgery and chemo?
68 days - 200 days
238
What is the protocol for chemotherapy with Splenic Hemangiosarcoma?
Doxorubicin + (Cyclophosphamide or Deracoxib) | Toceranib
239
Where does Anal Sac Adenocarcinoma metastasize to?
LNs | Lungs
240
What staging tests do you perform with Anal Sac Adenocarcinoma?
Thoracic and Abdominal Radiographs
241
What is the treatment of choice for Anal Sac Adenocarcinoma?
Surgery Radiation Chemo: Carboplatin or toceranib
242
What is the MST for Anal Sac Adenocarcinoma?
1-1.5 years

RUSVM Small Animal Medicine II 2017 (4 decks)

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