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RUSVM Small Animal Medicine II 2017 > Dermatology > Flashcards

Dermatology Flashcards

1
Q

Pruritis

A

Itch - unpleasant sensation of the skin that provokes the urge to scratch

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2
Q

What can lead to Pruritis in dogs?

A

Infection
Allergies
Parasites

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3
Q

What are the types of allergens that cause pruritis in dogs?

A 
Flea allergen
Atopy
Food hypersensitivity
Verminosis/mites
Contact hypersensitivity
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4
Q

Atopy

A

environmental allergen

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5
Q

What Ectoparasites cause pruritis in dogs?

A 
Sarcoptes
Demodecosis
Secondary pyoderma
Cheyletiella
Lice
Chiggers
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6
Q

What infections are the causes of pruritis in dogs?

A

Pyoderma - bacterial infections
Dermatophytosis
Yeasts

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7
Q

What is responsible for alopecia of the caudal dorsum in dogs?

A

Flea allergy dermatitis

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8
Q

What is responsible for feet licking and chewing in dogs?

A

Food allergy

atopy

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9
Q

What is responsible for alopecia of the Elbows and ears in dogs?

A

Sarcoptic mange

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10
Q

What causes seasonal pruritis?

A

Flea allergy
Atopy
Insect allergy

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11
Q

What causes non-seasonal pruritis?

A 
Scabies
Food allergy
Flea allergy
Atopy 
Secondary infections
Demodecosis
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12
Q

What is the scale used to Grade Pruritis?

A

Scale 1-10

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13
Q

What diseases are extremely pruritic?

A

Scabies
Flea bite allergy
Food allergy

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14
Q

If pruritis came before the lesions consider:

A

Allergies

Scabies

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15
Q

If lesions showed up before the pruritis consider:

A

Demodecosis

Dermatophytosis

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16
Q

What antibiotics cause allergic reactions?

A

Sulfonamides
Penicillins
Cephalosporins

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17
Q

What is the most common cause of skin disease?

A

Fleas

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18
Q

Primary Dermatological lesions

A

initial eruption that develops spontaneously as a direct reflection of the underlying disease
Appear and disappear quickly

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19
Q

Secondary Dermatological lesions

A

Evolve from primary lesions or are artifacts induced by the patients or by external factors such as trauma/biting/licking and medication
Stay around for a much longer time period

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20
Q

What are primary skin lesions?

A 
Macule or Patch 
Papule or plaque
Pustule
Vesicle or bulla
Wheal 
Nodule 
Tumor or cyst
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21
Q

What are characterized as primary or secondary lesions?

A 
Alopecia
Scale
Crust
Follicular casts
Comedo
Pigmentary abnormalities
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22
Q

What are secondary skin lesions?

A 
Epidermal collarette
Scar
Excoriation 
Erosion or ulcer
Fissure
Lichenification 
Callus
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23
Q

Macule

A

Flat spot (<1cm) on skin with change in skin color

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24
Q

Patch

A

Macule >1cm

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25
Papule
Small, solid elevation in skin up to 1 cm in diameter
26
Plaque
Coalition of papules forming flat-topped elevation
27
What causes a plaque?
a Hotspot
28
Vesicle
Elevation of epidermis filled with clear fluid
29
Bulla
Vesicle > 1 cm in diameter
30
Wheal
Sharply delineated lesion of edema
31
What causes Wheals?
Hypersensitivity
32
Nodule
Solid raised palpable lesion > 1cm. Can include abscess (fluctuant lesion in dermis or SQ from pus)
33
Nodule: Tumor
Large palpable mass - neoplastic
34
Cyst
Epithelial lined cavity with solid or fluid material
35
Alopecia
Absence of hair from area where it is normally present
36
Scale
Accumulation of loose fragments of horny layer of skin
37
Crust
Accumulation of dried serum, exudate on surface of skin
38
Follicular casts
Accumulation of keratin and sebaceous material stuck to a hair shaft
39
Comedone
Dilated hair follicle filled with debris
40
What breed is predisposed to Comedone?
Schnauzers
41
What causes Comedones?
Hyperthyroidism | Hyperadrenocorticism
42
Epidermal Collarette
Scale arranged in circular pattern
43
What is an epidermal collarette associated with?
Pustule Vesicle Bullae
44
Scar
Fibrous tissue has replaced the damaged dermis or s/c tissue
45
Excoriation
Linear abrasion of the skin
46
Erosion
Shallow ulcer that does not break the basal layer
47
Ulcer
Break in epidermis with exposure of dermis
48
Fissure
Linear cleavage (crack) in the epidermis or dermis caused by disease or injury
49
Lichenification
Thickening and hardening of the skin, note exaggerated skin lines
50
Callus
A localized hyperplasia of the stratum corneum of the epidermis caused by pressure or friction.
51
What is a common sites of Callus formation in dogs?
Elbows | lateral hock areas
52
What two dermatological parasites lead to eggs in the feces?
Hookworms | Sarcoptes
53
What are the surface mites seen on superficial skin scrape?
``` Sarcoptes Notoedres Otodectes Cheyletiella Demodex gatoi in cats ```
54
What are follicular parasites?
Demodex spp.
55
Anagen hair
active growth phase for the hair
56
Telogen hair
the hair has achieved maximum growth and is dying
57
What can you see on Acetate tape impression smear?
bacteria fungi yeasts
58
What type of hypersensitivity is Flea Allergic Dermatitis?
Type 1 Hypersensitivity
59
What is the most common allergic skin condition in dogs and cats?
Flea Allergic Dermatitis
60
Where is Flea Allergy Dermatitis distributed?
``` Lumbo-sacral distribution Tail base Caudo-medial thighs Ventral abdomen Flanks ```
61
What do cats present with with Flea Allergy Dermatitis?
Miliary dermatitis
62
What can be seen with Flea Allergy Dermatitis?
``` Pruritic crusting eruption secondary erythema seborrhea excoriation pyoderma hyperpigmentation lichenification ```
63
Seborrhea
Scaly skin
64
What is a more definitive diagnostic test for Flea allergy dermatitis?
Flea Antigen Test Intradermal flea allergy test
65
What is the treatment for Flea Allergy Dermatitis?
Flea eradication
66
What are the three types of flea eradication products?
Knock down product Insect growth regulator Environmental control
67
What does Advantage treat?
kills adult fleas before they lay eggs and prevent eggs from being shed
68
What does Revolution treat?
Kills adult fleas and prevents eggs from hatching
69
What does Vectra 3D treat?
prevents development of flea eggs and Larvae
70
What does Promeris treat?
kills fleas
71
What type of hypersensitivity is Atopy?
Type 1 Hypersensitivity
72
Atopy
Allergic dermatitis
73
What is the most common cause of Atopy?
House Dust Mites
74
What are the characteristic signs of Atopy?
Pruritis | Chronic or relapsing/seasonal signs
75
What is the age of onset for Atopy?
4 months to 7 years
76
Where is Atopy distributed?
``` Paws Face Distal extremities elbows ventrum otitis ```
77
How do you diagnose Atopy?
``` Serum test (RAST and ELISA tests) Intradermal skin tests ```
78
What do Allergy tests detect?
Allergen-specific IgE
79
What is the gold standard for diagnosing Atopy?
Intradermal allergy testing
80
What are the three possible therapies for Atopy?
ASIT (Allergen-specific immunotherapy) Allergen avoidance Symptomatic relief
81
What are the two forms of allergy shots?
Subcutaneous immunotherapy | Sublingual immunotherapy
82
What is a weak therapy for the treatment of Atopy?
Antihistamines Antidepressants Essential fatty acids Topical therapies
83
What is a fair therapy for the treatment of Atopy?
Skin lipid therapy
84
What is a strong therapy for the treatment of Atopy?
Glucocorticoids Cyclosporine A Oclacitinib
85
How does Skin Lipid complex work?
restores the epidermal barrier
86
What are the side effects of Corticosteroids?
``` PU/PD Polyphagia Weight Loss Iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism Iatrogenic hypoadrenocorticism with sudden withdrawal Susceptible to infections Urinary incontinence Behavior changes ```
87
What is Cyclosporine A?
Anti-allergic and immunosuppressive
88
What are the side effects of Cyclosporine A?
V/D | exacerbates skin infections
89
How does Oclacitinib work?
Janus kinase inhibitor - JAK1 and JAK 3 enzymes | Decreases itching and inflammation
90
What are the first antihistamines used?
Hydroxyzine and Citirizine
91
What are the second antihistamines used?
Clemastine
92
What are the clinical signs associated with Adverse food reactions?
``` Vomiting diarrhea abdominal discomfort bloat Dermatological signs ```
93
Food idiosyncrasy
Resembles food allergy but does not involve immune system
94
Food poisoning
Direct non-immune response to a food or toxin
95
Pharmacological reaction
Drug-like or pharmacological effect of food on host
96
Food indiscretion
Gluttony, pica, or ingestion of indigestible material
97
What does Lactose intolerance cause?
diarrhea bloating abdominal discomfort
98
What fish contains histamine and vasoamine?
Mackerel | Tuna
99
What does Acute Food Allergy cause?
Systemic consequences Respiratory distress Vascular collapse Urticaria
100
What are the antigens related with Food allergies?
Proteins Glycoproteins Carbohydrates
101
What are the most common food antigens in dogs and cats?
Beef protein
102
What food is food allergy in dogs related to?
Beef protein
103
What food is food allergy in cats related to?
Beef protein | Fish
104
What type of hypersensitivity are food allergies commonly?
Type 1 hypersensitivity
105
What are the clinical signs of food allergies?
Pruritis Hyperemia Angioedema Local reaction in GIT: Diarrhea, Abdominal discomfort/bloating, vomiting
106
What is the third most common hypersensitivity skin disease?
Food Allergies
107
What is the age of onset for food allergies?
less than 1 year of age
108
What time of year does food allergies happen at?
Non-seasonal - more in summer when wet and humid
109
What Primary type of lesions do you see with food allergies?
``` local or generalized pruritis Recurrent moist dermatitis Papules Erythema Wheals Plaques/pustules ```
110
What secondary type of lesions do you see with food allergies?
``` Excoriation Crusting Hyperpigmentation lichenification ulcers due to deep scratches ```
111
Where are the lesions localized with food allergies on dogs?
``` Muzzle Ears Distal limbs Paws Axillae Groin region ```
112
Where are the lesions localized with food allergies on cats?
Head Face Pinnae Neck
113
What clinical signs are sometimes seen with food allergies?
Vomiting diarrhea Colic
114
What is the treatment for food allergies?
Positive response to an elimination diet
115
How long does it take for food allergies to improve in dogs?
3 weeks
116
What is the biggest limitation for food allergy treatment?
Owner compliance
117
How do you diagnose food allergies?
Intradermal skin testing ELISA Serology Colonoscopy allergen provocation Skin biopsy
118
What are the three options available for treatment of food allergies?
Low allergy commercial diet Homemade hypoallergenic diet Hydrolyzed protein diet
119
Hydrolyzed protein diet
Protein is hydrolyzed into small particles less than 10,000 Daltons
120
Urticaria
Hives
121
Angioedema
Swelling of the subcutaneous tissue of the neck and face
122
How do you treat Urticaria and Angioedema?
Remove the antigen Injectable antihistamines Injectable steroids Dyspnea
123
What is the type of hypersensitivity for Contact Dermatitis?
Type 4 Hypersensitivity reaction
124
What causes contact dermatitis?
Prolonged exposure with an offending surface
125
What are the clinical signs of contact dermatitis?
Pruritic lesions Hairless areas Lips affected if food bowl is the cause Neck lesions if the collar is the problem
126
How do you diagnose Contact Dermatitis?
Rule out differential Patch Test Histopathology
127
What is the treatment for Contact Dermatitis?
Identify and remove the offending allergen
128
What are the common ectoparasites of dogs?
``` Sarcoptes Demodecosis Cheyletiella Lice Chiggers ```
129
What results in intense pruritis?
Sarcoptic mange
130
Clinical signs of Sarcoptic mange?
``` Positive pinnal pedal reflex intensely pruritic poorly steroid responsive sparsely haired areas Secondary weight loss ```
131
What areas are affected by Sarcoptic mange?
Hocks elbows pinnal margins ventral abdomen and chest
132
How do you diagnose Sarcoptic mange?
Response to treatment Positive pinnal-pedal reflex Fecal Flotation
133
How do you treat Sarcoptic mange?
Topical dips: anti-seborrheic shampoo | Topical spot on or systemic: Selamectin, Moxidectin, Ivermectin, Milbemycin, Fipronil
134
How is demodex transmitted?
during the first three days of life during suckling
135
What does Demodex cause?
Parasitic folliculitis
136
Clinical signs of Demodex
Focal and patchy alopecia
137
Pododermatitis
Inflammation between the paws
138
Localized Demodecosis
One to several well circumscribed erythematous, scaly, non-pruritic areas of alopecia on the face and fore-limbs
139
Generalized Demodecosis
less than 12 lesions Coalescing over the general body
140
How do you diagnose Demodecosis?
Deep Skin scrapes Biopsy Histopathology
141
What is the treatment for Localized Demodecosis?
Heals spontaneously
142
What is the treatment for Generalized Demodecosis?
Long term treatment of Amitraz for 3 weeks
143
What should you avoid with Demodecosis?
Steroids
144
What are the clinical signs of Cheyletiella?
Walking dandruff Scaling Pruritis Papular crusts
145
How do you diagnose Cheyletiella?
Seen with the naked eye crawling on fur | Acetate tape test
146
Treatment of Cheyletiella
Topical: Shampoos, Spot-ons | Treat environments
147
What causes Hookworm dermatitis?
Ancylostoma | Uncinaria
148
What are the clinical signs of Hookworm dermatitis?
``` Interdigital areas areas in contact with the ground Intensely pruritic Erythema alopeica thickening ```
149
How do you diagnose Hookworm dermatitis?
Fecal flotation
150
Where on the body do you find Chiggers?
legs head abdomen
151
Where on the body do you find chiggers on cats?
inside the ears
152
How do you diagnose Chiggers?
Skin scrapes Red color Clinical signs
153
How do you treat Chiggers?
Two pyrethrin dips spaced 2 weeks apart | Topical antiparasitic drugs
154
What are the four types of surface pyoderma?
Pyotraumatic pyoderma Intertrigo Mucocutaneous pyoderma Bacterial overgrowth
155
Impetigo
a condition that occurs in puppies on their ventral abdomen from bacterial overgrowth
156
Furunculosis
infection has broken through follicle and into the skin
157
Cellulitis
infection of the fat under the dermis
158
What is an exampled of Surface pyoderma?
Hotspot
159
Surface pyderma
Surface of skin
160
Superficial pyoderma
Epidermal layer and/or hair follicles, papules, pustules, epidermal collarettes, crusts
161
Deep pyoderma
Dermal layer or subcutis plus follicles. Exudation of blood and/or pus, crusting, odor ulceration, tract fistula, swelling
162
How do you treat surface mixed pyoderma?
Topically
163
How do you treat superficial staphylococcus pyoderma?
Systemic and topical
164
How do you treat deep pyoderma?
Systemic, long term, topical
165
What are the clinical signs of pyoderma?
Pustules Papules Crusts
166
How do you diagnose pyoderma?
Cytology of bacteria | Culture
167
When is a bacterial culture mandatory for pyoderma?
``` less than 50% improvement within 2 weeks of treatment New lesions Residual lesions at 6 weeks Intracellular rods on cytology History of MRSA or MRSP ```
168
What do you culture for pyoderma?
Pustules Under crusts Epidermal collarettes
169
Why is Topical therapy important?
Decreases duration of systemic Antibiotics
170
When do you use Benzoyl Peroxide with pyoderma?
Pyoderma with oily seborrhea or comedones
171
When do you use Chlorhexidine with pyoderma?
Pyoderma with dry seborrhea or normal skin/coat
172
Mupirocin
bacteriostatic/bacteriocidal used topically and effective against Gram-positive including MRSA
173
Silver Sulfadiazine
topical antibacterial used topically on wounds, burns, and ear infections including Pseudomonas
174
What do you use for 1st tier pyoderma therapy?
Cephalosporins Clavamox (Amoxicillin + Clavulanic acid) Clindamycin
175
What do you use for 2nd tier pyoderma therapy?
Sulfas Erythromycin Lincomycin Doxycycline
176
What is used as a LAST RESORT for pyoderma therapy?
Fluoroquinolones | 3rd generation cephalosporins
177
For how long do you treat superficial pyoderma?
1 week beyond resolution
178
For how long do you treat deep pyoderma?
2 weeks beyond resolution
179
What type of pyoderma is Acute traumatic pyodermatitis?
Surface pyoderma
180
What type of pyoderma is Puppy pyoderma/ impetigo?
Superficial pyoderma
181
What type of pyoderma is Nasal folliculitis/furunculosis?
Superficial and deep pyoderma
182
What type of pyoderma is Chin acne or chin pyoderma?
deep pyoderma
183
What type of pyoderma is Lick granuloma (acral lick dermatitis)?
deep pyoderma
184
Mucocutaneous pyoderma
Bacterial infection of the lips
185
What are the clinical signs of Mucocutaneous pyoderma?
Mucocutaneous swelling erythema crusting painful pruritic fissures
186
How do you treat Mucocutaneous pyoderma?
Clip and clean the area | Mupirocin
187
What are the clinical signs of Pyotraumatic dermatitis?
Lesion, red, moist, exudative crusting Alopecia painful lesions
188
How do you treat Pyotraumatic dermatitits?
Clip and Clean area Clean with antibacterial disinfectant Topical treatment: Antibiotic/steroid
189
What causes Impetigo?
Staphylococcus spp.
190
What is the pathogenesis of Impetigo?
Poor husbandry
191
What are the clinical signs of Impetigo?
Vesicles/pustules Non-follicular pustules Ventral hairless areas
192
How do you diagnose Impetigo?
Cytology
193
How do you treat Impetigo?
Antibacterial shampoos | Topical antibiotics washes/creams
194
What causes Superficial pyoderma?
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius
195
What is the underlying cause for superficial pyoderma?
Self trauma | Parasitic infestation
196
What are the 3 most common causes of folliculitis in dogs?
Bacterial Dermatophytes Demodex
197
What can folliculitis progress to?
Furunculosis | cellulitis
198
What are the clinical signs of Superficial pyoderma?
``` Tiny pustules with hair shaft protruding from center Follicular papule Patchy focal alopecia Epidermal collarette Scaling Seborrhea Hyperpigmentation excoriation ```
199
How do you diagnose Superficial pyoderma?
Recognition of lesions | Cytology from skin scrape
200
How do you treat Superficial pyoderma?
Antibiotics for a minimum of 21-28 days | Antibacterial shampoo
201
What is the physical component of the defense of the skin?
Compact stratum corneum | Lipid emulsion and intercellular cement
202
What is the most important pathogen in deep pyoderma?
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius
203
What predisposes skin to disease?
Seborrhea
204
What are the clinical signs of deep pyoderma?
Deep draining tracts clusters of ulcers necro-hemorrhagic purulent bullae or abscesses
205
How do you diagnose Deep Pyoderma?
Cytology: Cocci found in pyogranulomatous exudate Biopsy Bacterial culture and antibiogram
206
How do you treat deep pyoderma?
Topical management | Systemic antibiotics
207
How long do you treat deep pyoderma?
2 weeks after resolution
208
What are common antibiotics used to treat deep pyoderma?
``` Amoxycillin - clavulanic acid Cephalexin Trimethoprim sulfas Enrofloxacin Erythromycin ```
209
What are the clinical signs of Actinomyces?
Subcutaneous abscesses, draining tracts | Thick yellow-grey hemorrhagic fowl-smelling exudate +/- sulphur granules
210
How do dogs get Actinomyces?
infection from trauma, penetrating wounds
211
How do you diagnose Actinomyces?
Anaerobic culture | Cytology
212
How do you treat Actinomyces?
Surgical debulking | Long term Antibiotics: Clindamycin
213
What type of bacteria is Actinomyces?
Gram positive anaerobic
214
What type of bacteria is Nocardia?
Gram positive filamentous aerobe
215
Clinical signs of Nocardia?
Pyothorax
216
How do you diagnose Nocardia?
FNA/Cytology Histopathology Culture
217
How do you treat Nocardia?
Surgical debulking, drainage | Long term antibiotics
218
What are the clinical signs of Mycobacteria?
Slowly developing subcutaneous nodules, non-healing abscesses, cellulitis, ulcer, fistulas Drain sero-anguineous/purulent exudate Regional lymph nodes enlarged
219
How do you diagnose Mycobacteria?
Cytology Histopathology Culture
220
How do you treat Mycobacteria?
Wide surgical excision | Long term antibiotics
221
What are the clinical signs of Skin fold pyoderma/Intertrigo?
Moist malodorous pruritic in between skin folds
222
Where do you find Skin fold pyoderma/Intertrigo?
``` Lip fold in spaniels facial folds in bulldogs tail root folds vulva folds body folds in Shar Pei ```
223
How do you diagnose Skin fold pyoderma/Intertrigo?
Clinical presentation | signalment
224
What is the treatment for Skin fold pyoderma/Intertrigo?
Topical: Shampoos, rinses, topical antibiotics
225
Where do you commonly find Malassezia dermatitis?
``` Ear Lip folds ventral neck Axilla Interdigital Perianal ```
226
What is Malassezia associated with?
Allergic dermatitis Endocrinopathies Keratinization disorders Immunosuppression
227
What are the clinical signs of Malassezia?
``` Pruritis Malodor Erythema Greasy scaly plaques Paronychia ```
228
Seborrhea oleosa
Greasy skin
229
How do you diagnose Malassezia?
Cytology
230
How do you treat Malassezia?
Anti-yeast shampoos 2-3x week | Systemic: Ketoconazole, Itraconazole
231
What are the clinical signs of Dermatophytosis?
Circular alopecia with scaling
232
What is important about Dermatophytosis?
zoonotic
233
What is the most common fungal infection of humans?
M. canis
234
How do you diagnose Dermatophytosis?
Wood's Lamp Microscopy of hair pluck Fungal culture Biopsy
235
How do you manage Dermatophytosis?
Treat underlying diease treat source treat organism
236
How do you treat Dermatophytosis?
Topical therapy: | Systemic therapy: Griseofulvin, Ketoconazole, Itraconazole
237
How long do you treat for Dermatophytosis?
6-12 months
238
What do you do for animals in catteries with dermatophytosis?
Separate infected animals Treat the animals Decontaminated the environment
239
How does pruritis differ in cats from dogs?
Owner may not see pruritis
240
How are skin lesions different in cats with pruritis?
Bilateral symmetrical hair loss with normal skin Miliary dermatitis Eosinophilic granuloma complex
241
What are common skin conditions in cats?
Fleas | Ringworm
242
What is the reason for hair loss if the hair is granular and course in cats?
Cat is licking itself
243
What is the reason for hair loss if the hair is smooth in cats?
Hair is falling out by itself
244
What ectoparasites are seen in cats?
``` Notoedris Demodex gatoi Cheyletiella Ectopic ear mites Fur mites ```
245
How do you diagnose Psychogenic alopecia in cats?
Diagnosis of rule out
246
What causes symmetrical alopecia in cats on the medial thighs, ventral abdomen, and medial forelimbs?
Anxiety
247
What areas of the cat are affected by symmetrical alopecia in cats?
Medial thighs Ventral abdomen Medial forelimbs
248
What causes pruritic symmetrical alopecia in cats on the caudodersal aspect?
Flea bite dermatitis
249
How do you treat Psychogenic symmetrical alopecia in cats?
Behaviour modification | Antipsychotics
250
What areas of the cat are effected by atopic dermatitis?
medial thighs ventrum forelimbs flanks
251
Feliway
Pheromones released during birth used to soothe anxious cats
252
What parts of the cat are affected by Notoedres cati?
``` Pinna face neck forelimbs whole body ```
253
What are the clinical signs of Notoedres cat?
Alopecia wrinkled skin papular rash crusts
254
How do you diagnose Notoedres cati?
Skin scrapes
255
How do you treat Notoedres cati?
Lime sulphur dips Ivermectin Selamectin Imidocloprid
256
What are the side effects of Ivermectin used in cats?
Neurological problems
257
How do you diagnose Demodex in cats?
Deep skin scrape
258
What are the clinical signs of Demodex gatoi?
Alopecia crusts scaling pruritis
259
How do you treat Demodex gatoi?
Lime sulphur dips with Elizabethan collar
260
What are the clinical signs of Fur mites in cats?
"salt and pepper" appearance of mites | Hair falls out easily
261
How do you diagnose Fur mites in cats?
Acetate tape test
262
How do you treat Fur mites in cats?
``` Pyrethrin spray Lime sulphur dip Fipronil spray Ivermectin Selamectin Milbemycin ```
263
What endocrine diseases in cats cause Symmetrical alopecia?
Hyperthyroidism | Hyperadrenocorticism
264
What non-pruritic lesions cause symmetrical alopecia in cats?
Pancreatic neoplasia
265
What areas on the a cat are affect by Pancreatic neoplasia?
Ventrum and legs
266
What are the clinical signs of Pancreatic neoplasia symmetrical alopecia?
"shiny appearance of the skin Hair epilates easily concurrent anorexia lethargy
267
Miliary dermatitis
``` Crusted papule multifocal distribution of skin lesions with no identifiable pattern Erythema secondary alopecia excoriations ```
268
What is the most common cause of miliary dermatitis?
Flea allergic dermatitis
269
What viruses can cause miliary dermatitis in cats?
Herpes FIV FeLV
270
What are the three presentations of Eosinophilic granuloma complex?
Indolent ulcers Eosinophilic plaques Collagenolytic granuloma
271
Indolent ulcer
well-circumscribed proliferative inflammatory lesions with a dish shaped ulcer centrally
272
Where do you find Indolent ulcers in cats?
Upper or lower lip
273
Eosinophilic plaque
well circumscribed reddish yellow ulcerated edematous intensely pruritic plaque
274
What is eosinophilic plaque associated with in cats?
Allergic etiology
275
Collagenolytic granuloma/eosinophilic granuloma
Well circumscribed linear or raised nodular firm yellow-pink lesion
276
Where do you find Atypical eosinophilic granuloma on cats?
over the bridge of the nose, ear pinnae
277
How do you diagnose Eosinophilic granuloma complex in cats?
Cytology +/- culture Biopsy Histopathology
278
What is the treatment for eosinophilic granuloma complex in cats?
Strict parasite control | Medical therapy: Glucocorticoids, Cyclosporine A
279
What is the pathogenesis of Feline Acne?
Idiopathic disorder of follicular keratinization
280
What are the clinical signs of Feline Acne?
Comedones on the chin and lower lip Papules and pustules Furunculosis and scaring
281
What is the treatment for Feline Acne?
Treat secondary infection | Clip hair and clean the area with human acne preparation
282
What are the infectious causes of Feline Acne?
Bacterial: Nocardia, Actinomyces, Mycobacterium Fungal: Dermatomycoses
283
What are the non-infectious causes of Feline Acne?
Panniculitis Collagenolytic granuloma Foreign bodies Neoplasia
284
What are the clinical signs of Feline Acne?
Nodules that open up and drain Draining tracts Draining fluid may be serous to purulent
285
How do you diagnose Feline Acne?
Full dermatological examination | Skin biopsy
286
How do you treat Feline Acne?
Treat underlying disease
287
What are the two parts to the Tympanic membrane?
Pars flaccida | Pars tensa
288
Bulging Pars tensa
Material in the tympanic bulla
289
Otitis externa
Inflammation of the ear canal
290
Predisposing causes of Otitis externa?
``` Stenosis Hair in canals Pendulous pinnae swimmers ear overactive glands polyps neoplasms ```
291
Primary causes of Otits externa
``` Parasites Microbes Atopy food hypersensitivities drug reactions contact hypersensitivity Keratinization disorders glandular disorders autoimmune diseases solar dermatitis ```
292
Perpetuating factors of Otitis externa
``` Bacteria yeast topical reactions foreign bodies Epidermal hyperplasia hyperkeratosis dermal edema or fibrosis lumen stenosis cartilage mineralization tympanic membrane changes middle ear disease ```
293
What do you do if the ear is too inflamed to exam?
send home anti - inflammatories for 4-7 days
294
What are the main causes of otitis externa in dogs?
Allergies
295
What is the main cause of otitis externa in cats?
Parasites
296
What are the 2 important aspects of the ear that are predisposing factors?
Conformation | Hair
297
What does head shaking cause?
Hematoma
298
Clinical signs of acute Otitis externa?
``` Head shaking Scratching ears Rubbing ears Otic discharge Malodor Red pinna Swollen ear ```
299
What does coffee ground ear discharge mean?
Mites
300
What does Moist brown ear discharge mean?
Staph or yeast
301
What does creamy yellow ear discharge mean?
Gram negative bacteria
302
What does oily yellow tan ear discharge mean?
glandular disorder, hypersensitivity
303
How do you diagnose Otitis externa?
Ear smears Bacterial culture and sensitivity Radiography Computed tomography
304
How do you clean Otitis externa?
Control the predisposing causes Ceruminolytic Removal of pus Drying agent
305
Ceruminolytics
emulsify waxes/lipids so they can be flushed away
306
What do you avoid if you can't seen an intact pars tensa?
Ceruminolytics cleaning solutions dyring agents
307
What are the clinical signs of a ruptured Tympanic membrane?
Deafness Head tilt Horner's Syndrome
308
How do you treat Otitis externa?
Glucocorticoids Antibiotics antifungals parasiticides
309
Poloxamer otic gels
change to gel at body temperature compounded with various drugs Reaches horizontal ear canal without puncturing the tympanic membrane
310
What do you used to treat Gram negative gentamycin resistant infections?
Polymixin-B
311
How do you treat Otitis externa?
``` Topical preparations Polymixin-B Topical enrofloxacin TRIS EDTA Antiseptics Silversulfadiazine Systemic therapy: Glucocorticoids, Antibiotics, Antifungals, Antiparasiticides ```
312
Persistant Otitis Externa
Greater than 2 months
313
Recurrent Otitis externa
Greater than 6 months
314
Otitis media
inflammation of middle ear
315
5 ways to diagnose OM
Signs: Horner's syndrome and/or facial paralysis Abnormal tympanic membrane: ruptured, bulging Bullae rads/CT/MRI Myringotomy Cytology and culture of middle ear
316
How does OM causes Horner's syndrome?
disrupts the SYmpathetic nervous system and the facial nerve traveling through the middle ear
317
What is common in CKCS?
Primary secretory otitis media (PSOM)
318
How do you diagnose Primary Secretory otitis media?
a bulging pars flaccida = PSOM
319
How do you treat Primary Secretory Otitis media?
Myringotomy and middle ear flush
320
Primary Keratinization disorders
``` Zinc-responsive dermatosis Sebaceous adenitis Primary idiopathic seborrhea Schnauzer comedo syndrome Ear margin dermatosis ```
321
Crusting Dermatitis
Superficial necrolytic dermatitis
322
Seborrhea sicca
dry skin, white or grey flakes, scales
323
Seborrhea oleosa
Oily skin, greasy feel to haircoat, rancid odor, brown sticky yellow scales
324
Zinc-responsive dermatosis Syndrome 1
Decreased capacity to absorb zinc from intestines
325
Zinc-responsive dermatosis Syndrome 2
Dietary deficiency
326
What is the treatment for Zinc-responsive dermatosis?
Oral zinc Fatty acids low dose glucocorticoids
327
What are the clinical signs of Zinc-responsive dermatosis?
Pruritis and scales/crusts on the mouth, chin, eyes, ears, elbows, pressure points, scrotum, prepuce, vulva Hyperkeratotic footpads
328
Sebaceous adenitis
Uncommon idiopathic dermatosis Sebaceous gland destruction/inherited defect Cell mediated immunological reaction Defect in keratinization/obstruction of sebaceous ducts Abnormal lipid metabolism
329
Clinical signs of Sebacous adenitis
Bilaterally symmetrical on face, head, pinnae, and trunk Ceruminous otitis externa dogs have a rat tail non-pruritic
330
Clinical signs of Sebacous adenitis in cats
multifocal annular lesions of scale, crust and broken hair and hair casts and alopecia starting around their head and moving caudally
331
Treatment for Sebacous adenitis
Keratinolytic shampoos Omega 3/6 fatty acids Retinoids Cyclosporine
332
Primary idiopathic seborrhea (vitamin A responsive dermatosis)
Hereditary disorder of keratinization causing epidermal turnover in 7 days causes abnormal cornification and desquamation
333
At what age does Primary idiopathic seborrhea happen?
starts weeks to months after birth. | Mild scaling worsens with age
334
Clinical signs of Primary Idiopathic seborrhea?
Follicular casts prominent | Ceruminous otitis
335
How do you diagnose Primary Idiopathic Seborrhea?
Exclude all other causes Eliminate secondary factors Biopsy
336
How do you treat Primary Idiopathic Seborrhea?
Oral vitamin A
337
Schnauzer comedo syndrome (Schnauzer bumps)
inherited dysplasia of the hair follicle resulting in the formation comedones on the back
338
What are the clinical signs of Schnauzer comedo syndrome (Schnauzer bumps)?
Sharp crusted ppapular eruptions from neck to tail base Secondary folliculitis and furunculosis
339
How do you treat Schnauzer comedo syndrome (Schnauzer bumps)?
Regular antiseptic and anti-seborrheic shampoo Humectants after shampoo Topical benzoyl peroxide gel Isotretinoin
340
With what breeds are Ear margin dermatosis common in?
Dachshund
341
Clinical signs of Ear margin dermatosis
Follicular casts and partial alopecia on pendulous ears
342
Treatment for Ear margin dermatosis
Moisturizing agents topical sulfur salicylic acid shampoo topical g-corticoid cream pentoxifylline
343
What is the age of onset for Superficial necrolytic dermatitis?
10 years old
344
Clinical signs of Superficial necrolytic dermatitis
``` Hyperkeratotic crusty cracking footpads Erythema Scaling crusting erosive ```
345
What parts of the body are affected by Superficial necrolytic dermatitis?
``` Mucocutaneous junctions Legs hocks elbows ear pinna ```
346
How do you diagnose Superficial necrolytic dermatitis?
Liver dysfunction seen on CBS and Chem panel Honey comb pattern in liver or mass in pancreas biopsy lesions
347
Behavioural dermatoses
Acral lick granuloma
348
Acral lick granuloma
Self-induced trauma of skin through excessive licking and chewing
349
How do you diagnose Acral lick granuloma?
Histopathology | Bacterial culture and antibiogram
350
How do you treat Acral lick granuloma?
``` treat underlying cause treat secondary bacterial infections topical analgesia Steroids tricyclic antidepressants serotonin re-uptake inhibitors ```
351
Idiopathic lupoid onychodystrophy
Lupus-like disease resulting in claw loss
352
Clinical signs of Idiopathic lupoid onychodystrophy
Acute nail loss All claws affected Nails are deformed and brittle with secondary infection
353
What is the most common nail disorder of cats?
Idiopathic lupoid onychodystrophy
354
How do you diagnose Idiopathic lupoid onychodystrophy?
Histopathology | Amputation P3/dewclaw
355
How do you treat Idiopathic lupoid onychodystrophy?
Essential fatty acids, Vitamin E
356
How do you diagnose Immune-mediated skin disorders?
Histopathology | Biopsy
357
What is the treatment for Immune-mediated skin disorders?
Immunosuppressive drugs: Glucocorticoids, Cyclosporine A
358
Pemphigus complex
Vesiculobullous to pustular disorders of the skin or mucous membranes characterized by acantholysis
359
Acantholysis
a loss of intercellular connections resulting in a loss of cohesion between keratinocytes
360
Pemphigus erythematosus
Benign form of pemphigus foliacious
361
What can aggravate Pemphigus erythematosus?
UV light
362
What are the clinical signs of Pemphigus erythematosus?
Erythema pustular dermatitis on the face and ears oozing crusts, scale, alopecia, and erosion bordered by epidermal collarettes Depigmented nose
363
How do you diagnose Pemphigus erythematosus?
Histopathology and immunofluorescence
364
How do you treat Pemphigus erythematosus?
Sun avoidance | Topical glucocorticoids or cyclosporine
365
What is the most common immune mediated condition?
Pemphigus foliaceus
366
What is the major antigen of Pemphigus foliaceus?
desmoglein 1
367
what is the age of onset of Pemphigus foliaceus?
4 years
368
Clinical signs of Pemphigus foliaceus?
Pustular dermatitis Pustular crusting On the face, ear, feet, clawbeds, footpads, and groin Scales alopecia erosions bordered by epidermal collarettes Nasal depigmentation
369
How do you diagnose Pemphigus foliaceus?
Skin biopsy | Histopathology with immunofluorescence
370
Treatment of Pemphigus foliaceus
Topical corticosteroids or cyclopsporine
371
Pemphigus vulgaris antibodies
desmoglein 3
372
Clinical signs of Pemphigus vulgaris
Anorexic depressed febrile vesiculobullous disease erosive to ulcerative disorder that affects the oral cavity, mucocutaneous junctions, skin Cutaneous lesion sin the axillae and groin region ulcerative paronchyla
373
How do you diagnose Pemphigus vulgaris?
Skin biopsy Histopathology Immunofluorecence
374
How do you treat Pemphigus vulgaris in dogs?
High dosese of oral prednisolone and azathioprine
375
How do you treat Pemphigus vulgaris in cats?
Chlorambucil
376
Bullous pemphigoid
Subepidermal vesicle formation due to autoantibodies against antibodies of the basal cell hemidesmosomes
377
What are the clinical signs of Bullous pemphigoid?
Cutaneous lesion in groin and axillae and nail beds - vesicle/bullae ulceration bordered by epidermal collarettes Oral lesions
378
How do you diagnose Bullous pemphigoid?
Skin biopsy | immunofluorescence
379
What is the treatment for Bullous pemphigoid?
Immunosuppressive therapy | Immunomodulatory therapy
380
Lupus erythematosus
autoimmune disease process where T-cells predominate in these disease
381
DLE
Discoid Lupus erythematosus
382
SLE
Systemic Lupus erythematosus
383
What aggravates Discoid Lupus erythematosus?
UV light exposure
384
What cells predominate Discoid Lupus erythematosus?
T-helper cells
385
What is the reason for Discoid Lupus erythematosus?
T-helper cells are activated by damaged keratinocytes which have elevations of ANA
386
What is the reason for Discoid Lupus erythematosus?
T-helper cells are activated by damaged keratinocytes which have elevations of ANA
387
What are the clinical signs of Discoid Lupus erythematosus?
``` Depigmentation erythema scaling of the nose Erosions ulceration crusting ```
388
How do you diagnose Discoid Lupus erythematosus?
Histopathology | Thickening of the basement membrane zone due to cellular infiltration
389
How do you treat Discoid Lupus erythematosus?
``` Avoid sunlight topical sunscreens Topical and systemic corticosteroids Vitamin E Immunomodulatory/immunosuppressive ```
390
What are the clinical signs of Systemic Lupus erythematosus in dogs?
``` Fever polyarthritis proteinuria skin disease Alopecia erythema vesiculobullous to ulcerative disorder ```
391
How do you diagnose Systemic Lupus erythematosus?
ANA test | Histopathology/immunohistochemistry of the skin or oral mucosa
392
How do you treat Systemic Lupus erythematosus?
Immunosuppressive therapy | Immunomodulatory agents
393
What are the cutaneous effects of a Cutaneous adverse drug reaction?
``` ALopecia purpura poor wound healing hyperpigmentation pruritis Erythema multiforme toxic epidermal necrolysis Urticarial plaques vesciles or bullae ```
394
Where are the lesions distributed with Erythema multiforme?
``` Ventrum axillae groin Mucocutaneous junction Oral cavity Pinnae Footpads ```
395
How do you diagnose Erythema multiforme?
Clinical signs | Histopathology
396
How do you treat Erythema multiforme?
Eliminate trigger
397
What is the cause of Toxic epidermal necrolysis?
Drugs | Flea dips
398
What are the clinical signs of Toxic epidermal necrolysis?
Multifocal or generalized vesiculobullous disease
399
How do you diagnose Toxic epidermal necrolysis?
Skin biopsy - full thickness epidermal necrolysis with minimal inflammation
400
How do you treat Toxic epidermal necrolysis?
Find underlying causes | systemic glucocorticoids
401
Clinical signs of Vasculitis?
``` Purpura wheals edema papules nodules alopecia scarring necrosis ulceration of the extremities ```
402
How do you diagnose Vasculitis?
Histopathology
403
How do you treat Vasculitis?
Find underlying disease Pentoxifylline Immunosuppressive drugs Immunomodulatory drugs
404
Nodule
Solid, raised palpable lesion greater than 1 cm
405
Tumor
Larger, palpable mass of neoplastic origin
406
Diagnostic approach to nodules
FNA of nodule and the lymph node draining the area impression smear of any discharge Biopsy Culture
407
What is the etiology of Papillomatosis in dogs?
Papilloma virus or idiopathic
408
What is the signalment of a dog with oral papillomatosis?
Young or immunosuppressed
409
Diagnostics for Papillomatosis
FNA | Excisional biopsy
410
Treatment for Papillomatosis
``` Crushing Laser or cryotherapy Azithromycin for 3 weeks Topical Imiquimod for 1-2 days Interferon Surgical excision ```
411
Nodular panniculitis/steatitis
Solitary to multiple, Firm to floculant, Raised, well demarcated and can ulcerate and scar Inflamed S/C fat caused by systemic disease
412
Where do you find Nodular panniculitis/steatitis?
Dorsal trunk, neck, prox. limbs
413
Where do you find Sterile pyogranuloma in dogs?
Head Pinna Feet footpads
414
How do you treat Sterile pyogranuloma in dogs?
Corticosteroids Tetracycline + Niacinamide Azathioprine Cyclosporine A
415
What is the age of animals with Histiocytoma?
Less than 4 years old
416
Where do you find Histiocytoma on dogs?
Cranial 1/4 of body
417
How do you diagnose Histiocytoma in dogs?
Aspiration cytology
418
How do you treat Cutaneous Histiocytoma in dogs?
Steroids Cyclopsorine Tetracycline + Niacinamide
419
How do you treat Systemic Histiocytoma in dogs?
Cyclosporine | Lomustine
420
Where do you find Histiocytosis on felines?
Legs Feet Face
421
Nodular dermatofibrosis
Multiple cutaneous nodules consisting of mature collagen hyperplasia seen in 3-7 year old German Shepards
422
What is Nodular Dermatofibrosis associated with?
Bilateral renal cysts Cystadenomas Cystadenocarcinomas
423
How do you treat Nodular dermatofibrosis?
Treat underlying disease Remove masses if possible no effective treatments
424
What is the etiology of Juvenile cellulitis?
Unknown | Maybe Immune mediated
425
What is the signalment of Juvenile Cellulitis?
3 weeks to 6 months in Gordon Setters, Golden Retrievers, and Dachshunds
426
Clinical signs of Juvenile Cellulitis
Acute non-pruritic | swelling face submandibular of the Lips, muzzle, and eyelids
427
What is the common name of Juvenile Cellulitis?
Puppy Strangles
428
How do you diagnose Juvenile Cellulitis?
Cytology Biopsy Culture
429
How do you treat Juvenile Cellulitis?
Topical: treat crusts Systemic: Prednisolone then EOD
430
Sebaceous cyst
Cysts are epithelial lined cavities with either solid or fluid material that develop when a hair follicle or skin pore gets blocked by dirt, debris, scar tissue, or infection
431
What is the treatment for Sebaceous cyst?
Can resolve without treatment | Excision
432
How do you prevent Sebaceous Cyst?
Benzoyl peroxide
433
What should you avoid doing to Keratin Inclusion Cyst?
Lesions should not be manually expressed since such manipulation can cause subepidermal rupture and furunculosis
434
How do you treat Lipomas?
Surgically remove
435
Clinical signs of Fly Bite Dermatitis from biting flies?
Tips of ears - erythema, bleeding, oozing, crusting
436
Clinical signs of Fly Bite Dermatitis from Tumbu flies?
Tail base, ventral abdomen - painful, reddend nodule (3-5mm in diameter)
437
Treatment for Fly Bite Dermatitis?
Topical fly repellant Remove maggots Cover the breathing holes with vaseline

RUSVM Small Animal Medicine II 2017 (4 decks)

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