Oncology Flashcards
cancer can be classified by:
the tissue or blood cells where it starts
the type
what are the 2 types of cancer?
solid tumors
hematologic malignancies
2 types of solid tumors
sarcomas
carcinomas
begin in the connective tissues, the tissues that the body uses to connect or support other tissue
sarcomas
originate from the epithelial tissues, and this is the tissue that lines the organs.
these are the cancers that originate in the lining of organs like the lungs and liver, the breast, colon, or prostate.
carcinomas
originate from blood or lymphatic cells
hematologic malignancies
the traveling or extension of the primary cancer to other sites of the body
metastasis
metastasis occurs by:
direct invasion
through the blood system
through the lymphatic system
1 rf for cancer
tobacco
alcohol + tobacco =
co-carcinogenic
suspected dietary causes of cancer:
a low-fiber diet increased red meat increased animal fat nitrites preservatives and additives
there is an increased risk of cancer in the ________
immunosuppressed
which ethnicity increases the risk for cancer
african americans
chronic _____ can cause uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells
inflammation
examples of primary prevention of cancer
no smoking exercise normal body weight elimininate alcohol vaccines
examples of secondary condition
screenings
what days of the menstrual cycle are best for doing breast self-exam?
days 7-12
yearly clinical breast exams for women greater than ____ years of age
40
women between the ages of __-__ need clinical breast exams every 3 years
20-39
mammograms annually starting at age ____
40
before a mammogram teach the client not to apply what to their body?
lotion, powder, deoderant
pap smears beginning at age ___ and performed every ___ years if there have been no problems
21; 3 years
colonoscopy at age ___, then every ____ years if there have been no problems
50; 10 years
the major age group that gets testicular cancer is young males between ages ___-___
15-36
Digital rectal exam and PSA may be checked annually for men over the age of ___
50
YEARLY FECAL OCCULT ___ TESTING
blood
symtoms for caner acronym
CAUTION
C
change in bowel/bladder habits
A
a sore that does not heal
U
unusual bleeding/discharge
T
thickening or lump in breast elsewhere
I
indigestion or difficulty swallowing
O
obvious change in wart or mole
N
nagging cough or hoarseness
cancer can invade the bone marrow which can lead to ______, _____, and _______.
anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia
extreme wasting and malnutrition
cachexia
_____ is the number one sign that clients complain of with a diagnosis of cancer
fatigue
in blood tests during cancer we are most concerned about the _______
neutrophils
positive diagnostic studies for cancer
CSR CT scan MRI PET scan Bone marrow biopsy tissue biopsy imaging studies
removal of vocal cords, epiglottis and thyroid cartilage
total laryngectomy
since the whole larynx is removed, this client will have a permanent tracheostomy or ______
laryngectomy
position post-op total laryngectomy
mid fowlers
NPO people tend to get ______
pneumonia
with a total laryngectomy, all breathing is done through the _______
stoma
how does the client with a total laryngectomy talk?
electrolarynx
blom-singer device
client with a total laryngectomy can’t do what 4 things
whistle
drink through a straw
smoke
swim
why do we tell mastectomy patients to rush their hair, squeeze tennis ball, wall clinging on affected arm?
it promotes new collateral circulation
successful surgery for cancer is dependent on 3 things:
could it be completely removed?
had the cancer already spread at the time of surgery?
was the surgeon able to get adequate margins?
brachytherapy is used to get the radiation ____ to the cancer or target tissue
close
with all types of brachytherapy, the client emits _____ for a period of time and is a hazard to others.
radiation
brachytherapy is either ____ or _____
sealed or unsealed
client and body fluids emit radiation
unsealed brachytherapy
unsealed brachytherapy is like a radioisotope that is given ____ or ____
IV or PO
unsealed brachytherapy is radioactive for ___-___ hours
24-48
client emits radiation; body fluids are not radioactive
sealed or solid brachytherapy
sealed or solid brachytherapy can be temporary or a permanent _____ that is placed close to or inside the tumor
implant
how can you prevent dislodgment of the implant?
bedrest
decrease fiber in the diet
prevent bladder distention
after radiation can the client sleep in the same bed with their spouse or children?
NOT for 1-11 days
should they use public transportation after brachytherapy?
NOT for 2-3 days
how many times should they flush after using the toiler with brachytherapy
2-3 flushes
a carefully focused beam of high energy rays is delivered by a machine outside of the body
external radiation
is the client radioactive with external ?
NO
side effects of external radiation include:
erythema shedding of skin altered taste fatigue pancytopenia
protect the site of external radiation from sunlight and UV light for ____ year after therapy
1
