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Med Surg II > Oncology > Flashcards

Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

Define Cancer

A

Disease process that begins when an abnormal cell is transformed by the genetic mutation of cellular DNA

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2
Q

Define hyperthrophy

A

Hyper (excessive) trophy (size)

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3
Q

Define Hyperplasia

A

Plasma (growth)

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4
Q

Define Metaplasia

A

meta (change

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5
Q

Define Dysplasia

A

Dys (impaired)

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6
Q

Define anaplasia

A

Ana (lack

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7
Q

Define Neoplasia

A

Neo (new)

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8
Q

Cancer that is associated with epithelial tissue is called

A

carcinoma

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9
Q

Cancer that is associated with glandular tissues is called

A

adenocarcinomas

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10
Q

Cancer that is associated with connective, muscles, bone tissue is called

A

sarcomas

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11
Q

Cancer that is associated the brain and spinal cord tissue is called

A

Gliomas

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12
Q

Cancer that is associated with pigmented cells

A

melanomas

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13
Q

Cancer that is associated with plasma cells is called

A

myelomas

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14
Q

Cancer that is associated with lymphatic tissue is called

A

lymphomas

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15
Q

Cancer that is associated with leukocytes is called

A

Leukemia

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16
Q

Cancer that is associated with erythrocytes is called

A

erythroleukemia

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17
Q

What is a stem cell

A

Undifferentiated cells, become mature functioning of only that tissue

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18
Q

Describe the defect in cellular proliferation with cancer cells

A

Characterized by loss of contact inhibition, grow on top of one another and on top or b/w normal cells. They divide indiscriminately, haphazardly, can produce more than 2 cells during mitosis

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19
Q

What are the two types of genes that can be affected by mutation

A

Protooncogens (growth)

Tumor suppressor genes (growth)

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20
Q

What are protooncogens

A

Genetic locks that keep cells functioning normally

mutations activate them to function as oncogenes

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21
Q

What are tumor suppressor genes

A

Function to regulate cell growth, prevent cells from going through the cell cycle
(mutations make them inactive)

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22
Q

What is the 1st stage of the development of cancer

A

Initiation-
A. mutation of cells genetic structure
b. inherited
c. acquired- carcinogens

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23
Q

What is the distinction b/w initiation and promotion

A

Promotion is characterized by reversible proliferation of altered cells (obesity, smoking, alcohol, dietary fat)

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24
Q

What size tumor is usually detectable by palpation

A

1cm (contains 1bill cancer cells)

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25
Q

What is the smallest size a tumor can be detected by MRI

A

0.5cm

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26
Q

T/F cancer cells have no regard to cell boundaries

A

True

27
Q

What is an oncogene

A

Tumors-inducing genes. They can change a normal cell to a malignant one

28
Q

Describe the meaning of a complete carcinogen

A

Cigarette smoke is an example, it is capable to initiating and promoting cancer

29
Q

Define metastasis

A

spread of the cancer to a distant site

30
Q

How do tumor cells metastasis

A

1st. Detach from primary tumor and enter circulation
2. Survive in circulation and then adhere to capillary membrane
3. Gain entrance into organ parenchyma
4. Respond to growth factors, then proliferate and induce angiogenesis and evade host defenses

31
Q

Define angiogenesis

A

Formation of new blood vessels

32
Q

What are cytokines

A

Class of proteins that stimulate T cells, NK. B cells, macrophages

33
Q

Describe the Tumor escape mechanism

A

Blocking antibodies prevent T cells from interacting with tumor associated antigens and from destroying the malignant cell

34
Q

What is the cell characteristic of a benign tumor

A

Well differentiated that resemble normal cell of the tissue from which it originated

35
Q

What is the mode of growth of a benign tumor

A

Grows by expansion and does not infiltrate the surrounding tissues, usually encapsulated. Grow slow

36
Q

Do benign tumors metastasis

A

no

37
Q

Do benign tumors destroy tissue

A

Usually does not damage unless interferes with blood flow

38
Q

Describe the cell characteristics of a malignant cancers

A

Cells are undifferentiated and often bear little resemblance to the normal cells of the tissue from which they arose

39
Q

Ultraviolet radiation is associated with which types of cancer

A

Melanoma, squamous, and basal cell carcinoma

40
Q

What are Oncofetal antigens

A

Tumor markers- can be helpful in monitoring effects of therapy

41
Q

T/F differentiated tumors grow and spread slower rate than undifferentiated

A

True

42
Q

Describe Grade X (cancer grading)

A

Grade cannot be determined

43
Q

Describe Grade 1

A

Cells differ slightly from normal cells and are well differentiated

44
Q

Describe Grade 2

A

Cells are abnormal and are moderately differentiated

45
Q

Describe Grade 3

A

Cells are very abnormal and are poorly differentiated

46
Q

Describe Grade 4

A

Cells are immature (anaplasia) and undifferentiated, cell of origin is difficult to determine

47
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of cancer staging

A

T- extent of primary tumor
N- absence of presence or regional lymph node
M- absence or presence of distant metastasis

48
Q

What is TX (cancer staging)

A

Primary tumor cannot be assessed

49
Q

What is T0 (cancer staging)

A

No evidence of primary tumor

50
Q

What is Tis(cancer staging)

A

Carcinoma in situ - cancer that has stayed in its place (has not metastasized

51
Q

What is T1,T2,T3,T4 describe

A

Increasing size and or local extent of the primary tumor

52
Q

What are the warning signs of cancer

A 
CAUTIONUS
C. change in bowel/bladder habits
A. any sore that does not heal
U. unusual bleeding or discharge 
T. thickening or lump in breast 
I. indigestion
O. obvious change in wart or mole
N. nagging cough or hoarseness
U. unexplained anemia
S. sudden and unexplained weight loss
53
Q

At what age should women get mammogram according to ACS

A

40 yearly

54
Q

At what age should adults get colonoscopy

A

50

55
Q

What age should women start getting pap smears

A

Over 18

56
Q

What age should men start getting prostate exams

A

50

57
Q

What exam needs to be performed to determine definitive means of malignancy

A

Tissue sample

58
Q

What is brachytherapy

A

Internal radiation- implantation or insertion of materials into or close to tumor. Minimal exposure to healthy tissue

59
Q

During brachytherapy, how far should the nurses distant themselves

A

6ft.

60
Q

What is teletherapy

A

External radiation- exposed from a megavolt machine

61
Q

What is a major complication of IV chemotherapy

A

Extravasation. Never test vein latency with chemotherapeutic agents

62
Q

Bone marrow suppression can lead to leukopenia, what should pt. avoid

A

Avoid crowds, undercooked meat, raw fruit/veggies, no flowers in room

63
Q

Bone marrow suppression can lead to thrombocytopenia what should pt. avoid

A

Contact sports, dental work, aspirin.

Use electric razors

Med Surg II (4 decks)

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