Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Med Surg II > Oncology > Flashcards

Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

Define Cancer

A

Disease process that begins when an abnormal cell is transformed by the genetic mutation of cellular DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define hyperthrophy

A

Hyper (excessive) trophy (size)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define Hyperplasia

A

Plasma (growth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define Metaplasia

A

meta (change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define Dysplasia

A

Dys (impaired)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define anaplasia

A

Ana (lack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define Neoplasia

A

Neo (new)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cancer that is associated with epithelial tissue is called

A

carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cancer that is associated with glandular tissues is called

A

adenocarcinomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cancer that is associated with connective, muscles, bone tissue is called

A

sarcomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cancer that is associated the brain and spinal cord tissue is called

A

Gliomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cancer that is associated with pigmented cells

A

melanomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cancer that is associated with plasma cells is called

A

myelomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cancer that is associated with lymphatic tissue is called

A

lymphomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cancer that is associated with leukocytes is called

A

Leukemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cancer that is associated with erythrocytes is called

A

erythroleukemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a stem cell

A

Undifferentiated cells, become mature functioning of only that tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the defect in cellular proliferation with cancer cells

A

Characterized by loss of contact inhibition, grow on top of one another and on top or b/w normal cells. They divide indiscriminately, haphazardly, can produce more than 2 cells during mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the two types of genes that can be affected by mutation

A

Protooncogens (growth)

Tumor suppressor genes (growth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are protooncogens

A

Genetic locks that keep cells functioning normally

mutations activate them to function as oncogenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are tumor suppressor genes

A

Function to regulate cell growth, prevent cells from going through the cell cycle
(mutations make them inactive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the 1st stage of the development of cancer

A

Initiation-
A. mutation of cells genetic structure
b. inherited
c. acquired- carcinogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the distinction b/w initiation and promotion

A

Promotion is characterized by reversible proliferation of altered cells (obesity, smoking, alcohol, dietary fat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What size tumor is usually detectable by palpation

A

1cm (contains 1bill cancer cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the smallest size a tumor can be detected by MRI
0.5cm
26
T/F cancer cells have no regard to cell boundaries
True
27
What is an oncogene
Tumors-inducing genes. They can change a normal cell to a malignant one
28
Describe the meaning of a complete carcinogen
Cigarette smoke is an example, it is capable to initiating and promoting cancer
29
Define metastasis
spread of the cancer to a distant site
30
How do tumor cells metastasis
1st. Detach from primary tumor and enter circulation 2. Survive in circulation and then adhere to capillary membrane 3. Gain entrance into organ parenchyma 4. Respond to growth factors, then proliferate and induce angiogenesis and evade host defenses
31
Define angiogenesis
Formation of new blood vessels
32
What are cytokines
Class of proteins that stimulate T cells, NK. B cells, macrophages
33
Describe the Tumor escape mechanism
Blocking antibodies prevent T cells from interacting with tumor associated antigens and from destroying the malignant cell
34
What is the cell characteristic of a benign tumor
Well differentiated that resemble normal cell of the tissue from which it originated
35
What is the mode of growth of a benign tumor
Grows by expansion and does not infiltrate the surrounding tissues, usually encapsulated. Grow slow
36
Do benign tumors metastasis
no
37
Do benign tumors destroy tissue
Usually does not damage unless interferes with blood flow
38
Describe the cell characteristics of a malignant cancers
Cells are undifferentiated and often bear little resemblance to the normal cells of the tissue from which they arose
39
Ultraviolet radiation is associated with which types of cancer
Melanoma, squamous, and basal cell carcinoma
40
What are Oncofetal antigens
Tumor markers- can be helpful in monitoring effects of therapy
41
T/F differentiated tumors grow and spread slower rate than undifferentiated
True
42
Describe Grade X (cancer grading)
Grade cannot be determined
43
Describe Grade 1
Cells differ slightly from normal cells and are well differentiated
44
Describe Grade 2
Cells are abnormal and are moderately differentiated
45
Describe Grade 3
Cells are very abnormal and are poorly differentiated
46
Describe Grade 4
Cells are immature (anaplasia) and undifferentiated, cell of origin is difficult to determine
47
What are the 3 characteristics of cancer staging
T- extent of primary tumor N- absence of presence or regional lymph node M- absence or presence of distant metastasis
48
What is TX (cancer staging)
Primary tumor cannot be assessed
49
What is T0 (cancer staging)
No evidence of primary tumor
50
What is Tis(cancer staging)
Carcinoma in situ - cancer that has stayed in its place (has not metastasized
51
What is T1,T2,T3,T4 describe
Increasing size and or local extent of the primary tumor
52
What are the warning signs of cancer
``` CAUTIONUS C. change in bowel/bladder habits A. any sore that does not heal U. unusual bleeding or discharge T. thickening or lump in breast I. indigestion O. obvious change in wart or mole N. nagging cough or hoarseness U. unexplained anemia S. sudden and unexplained weight loss ```
53
At what age should women get mammogram according to ACS
40 yearly
54
At what age should adults get colonoscopy
50
55
What age should women start getting pap smears
Over 18
56
What age should men start getting prostate exams
50
57
What exam needs to be performed to determine definitive means of malignancy
Tissue sample
58
What is brachytherapy
Internal radiation- implantation or insertion of materials into or close to tumor. Minimal exposure to healthy tissue
59
During brachytherapy, how far should the nurses distant themselves
6ft.
60
What is teletherapy
External radiation- exposed from a megavolt machine
61
What is a major complication of IV chemotherapy
Extravasation. Never test vein latency with chemotherapeutic agents
62
Bone marrow suppression can lead to leukopenia, what should pt. avoid
Avoid crowds, undercooked meat, raw fruit/veggies, no flowers in room
63
Bone marrow suppression can lead to thrombocytopenia what should pt. avoid
Contact sports, dental work, aspirin. | Use electric razors

Med Surg II (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions