Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

NP > Oncology > Flashcards

Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

leading cause of mortality

A

cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

gingival bleeding seen in what kind of patients

A

ALL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

ALL DIAGNOSTICS

A

blasts 30-100%

bone marrow bx- for diagnossis and lumbar pucture- small percentage cns disease is positive in a small percentage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

blasts

A

immature cells; early cells should only be

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

pancytopenia

A

all normal cells low, anemia, infection and bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

——-therapy has evolved significantly and research has accelerated dramatically in the last 10 years

A

cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

induction versus maintenance

A

induction- lasts up 4 weeks, blasting the patient with treatment vincristine, prednisone, doxorubicin, daunorubicin and cycophosphamide verus maintain usually given for 2-3 years

Medication radiation etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

consolidation

A

complimentary tx

chemo, radiation ro stem cell transplant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

cancer risk factors

A

chronic inflammation diet obesity etoh use and prior exposure to toxins and #1 cause- tobacco use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

most common in adults cancer leukemia

A

cll

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

b lymphocyte malignancy with progressive accumulation of immunocompetent lymphocytes leading to suppression

A

CLL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

fatigue letahrgy years freq asympotmatic anoexria weight loss early satiety are signs of which leukemia

A

CLL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

lymphocytosis hallmark of what disease
Leukocytocysis ****

A

CLL

Rubbery lymphs crowded leukocytes in the area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

antibodies attacking the lymphocytes

A

CLL

800-5,000 increased levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

CLL hallmark years without tx, means

A

tx can be differed and can die of other natura; causes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

third most common & 3rd leading cause of
cancer death in US
* Increased incidence in over 50
* Screening >50 and 1st degree relative
* Adenocarcinoma
* Scirrhous tumors
* Neuroendocrine

A

colorectal cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

colorectal cancer

A

third most common & 3rd leading cause of
cancer death in US
* Increased incidence in over 50
* Screening >50 and 1st degree relative
* Adenocarcinoma
* Scirrhous tumors
* Neuroendocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

breast cancer clinical manifestations

A

Palpable usually painless lump
* Nipple discharge (bloody, unilateral)
* Mass is hard or fixed to overlying skin
* Skin dimpled or retracted
* Axillary adenopathy
* Breast enlargement, redness, edema, pain.
* Confirmation – fine needle aspiration, core needle
BX, open excisional bx, stereotactic guided core
needle bx, breast u/s.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Malignancy of hematopoietic Myeloid
progenitor cell
An acute leukemia very similar to ALL

A

AML

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Symptoms usually related to bone
marrow failure

Fatigue, fever, bruising or bleeding, bone &
joint pain, bone tenderness, weight loss,
hepatosplenomegaly, signs of infection.
Pancytopenia and circulating blasts forms.

WBC > 100,000 manifested by dyspnea, chest
pain, HA, confusion and cranial nerve palsies.

A

AML

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

AML FINDINGS

A

HOUR RODS, D DIMERS DEGREDATION, TUMOR CELLS- INC THROMBIN INC FIBRIN TO FIBRINOGEN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Myeloid cell overproduction

Genetic mutation called the Philadelphia
chromosome occurs in the blood cells-
protein is hallmark of the disease.

A

CML

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

CML

A

MYELOID PROLIFERATIVE DISEASE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Insidious onset
* Fatigue
* Easy satiety
* Weight loss
* Diminished exercise
tolerance
* Splenomegaly 60%
cases
* Hepatomegaly
* Bleeding & infection
in blast crisis
* Low grade fever
* Dizziness
* Irritability
* Incr. sweating night
sweats
* Bone pain
* Blurred vision
* Respiratory distress

A

CML

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
CML FINDINGS
Insidious onset * Fatigue * Easy satiety * Weight loss * Diminished exercise tolerance * Splenomegaly 60% cases * Hepatomegaly * Bleeding & infection in blast crisis * Low grade fever * Dizziness * Irritability * Incr. sweating night sweats * Bone pain * Blurred vision * Respiratory distress
26
PHILADELPHIA CHromosome BCR/ABL GENE
CML
27
CBC with diff- --Hallmark of CML is WBC elevation Blasts less than 5%. BCR/ABL gene H & H, plts decrease Philadelphia chromosome
CML
28
reed sternberg special cell hallmark
hodgkins B cell becomes malignant Aggressively 20-29 - 95 to 98 curative well treated
29
Painless, non tender cervical lymphadenopathy Mediastinal mass on chest x-ray <20% of cases Unexplained fever 101 or higher Drenching night sweats Weight loss
hodgkins lymphoma findings
30
hodgkins physical findings
Painless, non tender cervical lymphadenopathy Mediastinal mass on chest x-ray <20% of cases Unexplained fever 101 or higher Drenching night sweats Weight loss
31
b cell lymphocytes CA, cause is unclear
nonhodgkins
32
lymphoma staging
stage n1 one lymph area/node 2 lymph nodes- same side above or below the diaphragm stage 3 lymph nodes both sides of diaphragm +/- spleen lymph node stage 4 spread outside the lymph system and >1 organ
33
stage 4 hodgkins outcome
treatment and prognosis is pretty good
34
lymph nodes both sides of diaphragm +/- spleen
stage 3
35
> organ outside lymph
stage 4
36
Monitor for sepsis *Usually caused by Gram negative bacteria like e.coli, klebsiella and pseudomonas
non hodgkins lymphoma
37
TLS
Metabolic disturbances after initiation of cancer treatment. Bulky, rapidly proliferating, treatment-responsive tumors
38
Metabolic disturbances after initiation of cancer treatment. Bulky, rapidly proliferating, treatment-responsive tumors
TLS
39
Rapid tumor cell turn over results in release of intracellulalr contents into the circulaiton. Results in numerous metabolic derangements Usually seen 48-72 hr after initiation of CA treatment
TLS
39
increase uric acid and metbaolic high phos aki complication of treating proliferating cells/tumors
TLS
40
IV hydration * Urinary alkalinization * Hypouricemic agents * Allopurinol – Intermediate risk TLS * Rasburicase – High risk TLS Prophylaxis
TLS MANAGMENT PROPHYLAXIS
41
timing to looking for tls
48-72 after initiation of CA treatment
42
TLS PROPHYLAXIS MANAGEMENT
IV hydration * Urinary alkalinization- DIAMOX/ SODIUM BICARB * Hypouricemic agents * Allopurinol – Intermediate risk TLS * Rasburicase – High risk TLS Prophylaxis
43
Allopurinol
Intermediate risk TLS
44
Rasburicase
High risk TLS Prophylaxis
45
Chest Pain * Hoarseness * Edema * Cerebral edema * Protect airway * Treat underlying cause, steroids, emergent RT
SVC SYNDROME
46
SVC SYNDROME
Chest Pain * Hoarseness * Edema * Cerebral edema * Protect airway * Treat underlying cause, steroids, emergent RT
47
MASS TUMOR COMPRESSING/ COMPLICATION CANCER
SVC SYNDROME Chest Pain * Hoarseness * Edema * Cerebral edema * Protect airway * Treat underlying cause, steroids, emergent RT
48
MANAGEMENT OF IS ONE DEVELOPS TLS
FOLLOW AND CORRECT THE ELECTROLYTES AND POSSIBLE HEMODIALYSIS
49
CANCER STAGING T
TUMOR PRIMARY TURMOR SIZE AND OR EXTENT
50
CANCER STAGING N
NOED WHETHER CANCER CELLS HAVE SPREAD TO NEARBY LYMPH NODES
51
CANCER STAGING M
METASIS SPREAD OF THE CANCER TO OTHER PARTS OF THE OTHER BODY
52
PRIMARY TUMOR TX
PRIMARY TUMOR CANNOT BE EVALUATED
53
PRIMARY TUMER T0
NO EVIDENCE OF PRIMARY TUMOR
54
PRIMARY TUMORE TIS
CARCINOMA IN SITU
55
PRIMARY TUMOR T1,2,3,4
SIZE AND OR EXTENT OF THE PRIMARY TUMOR
55
REGIONAL LYMPH NODES NX
REGIONAL LYMPH NODES CANNOT BE EVALUATED
56
REGIONAL LYMPH NODES N0
NO REGIONAL LYMPH NODES INVOLVED
57
REGIONAL LYMPH NODES N1,2,3
Degree of regional lymph node involvement (number and location of lymph nodes)
58
MX
DISTANT METASIS CANNOT BE EVALUATED
59
M0
NO DISTANT METASIS
60
M1
DISTANT METASIS IS PRESENT
61
TUMOR STAGING 0
CARCINOMA IN SITU (LIMITED TO SURFACE CELLS IN ORGIN OR NORMAL PLACE)
62
TUMOR STAGING 1
LIMITED TO TISSUE OR ORIGIN EVIDENCE OF TUMOR GROWTH
63
TUMOR STAGING 2
LIMITED LOCAL SPREAD OF CANCER CELLS
64
TUMOR STAGING 3
EXTENSIVE LOCAL AND REGIONAL SPREAD
65
TUMOR STAGING 4
CAN HAS SPREAD DISTANT TISSUES OR ORGANS
66
NOVEL CANCER TREATMENT
IMMUNOTHERPAY, TARGET THERAPY HORMONE THERAPY AND PRECISION MEDICINE
67
CONVENTIONAL CANCER TREATMENT
STEM CELL, CHEO, SX, RADIATION
68
MOHS SURGERY
SLICING SKIN* MOMMY
69
RADIATION
IONIZING RADIATION TO A TUMOR WHILE SPREADING SURROUNDING TISSUE
70
OUTCOME TO CANCER TREATMENT IS VARIABLE, MEANING?
DIFFICULT TO GIVE ESTIMATE OF LIFE EXPECTANCY
71
GOAL OF THERPAY FOR CANCER IS EITHER _____ OR _______
CURATIVE OR PALLAITVE
72
LEADING CAUSE OF CANCER DEATHS IN MEN AND WOMEN
LUNG
73
INCREASED INCIDENCE WITH SMOKING RADIATION OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE OR POLLUTION-_______ CANCER
LUNG AVERGAE AGE 60 UNUSUAL UNDER AGE 40 AND SYMPTOMATIC IN ADVANCED DISEASE
74
RISK FACTORS IN LUNG CANCER
TOBACCO* SECOND HAND SMOKE Occupational exposure * Asbestos, arsenic, other agents Radiation exposure Air pollution Family HX HIV Beta carotene supplements in heavy smokers
75
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS EARLY FOR LUNG CANCER
WORSENING COUGH, CHEST PAIN, HEMOPTYSIS, WT LOSS, DYSPNEA, MALAISE AND OR HOARSENESS
76
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS LATE LUNG CANCER
STRIDOR, EFFUSIONS, LYMPHADENOPATHY SVC OBSCTRUCTION, CONSOLIDATTION, DIAPHRAGM PARLAYSIS AND ATELECTASIS
77
STAGE 1 & 2 FOR NSCLC-LUNG CANCER
LOBECTOMY AND RADIATION
78
STAGE 3 FOR NSCLC-LUNG CANCER
SURGERY/ CHEMO AND RADIATION
79
STAGE 4 FOR NSCLC-LUNG CANCER
CHEMO RADIATION AND IMMUNOTHERPAY
80
15% of Lung cancers * Responsive to treatment o Cure is difficult, metastasis early * Same S/S as lung CA o Paraneoplastic syndromes o SIADH o Cushing’s o Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration o Lambert-Eaton MS * Prognosis poor
SCLC
81
SCLC
15% of Lung cancers * Responsive to treatment o Cure is difficult, metastasis early * Same S/S as lung CA o Paraneoplastic syndromes o SIADH o Cushing’s o Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration o Lambert-Eaton MS * Prognosis poor
82
MOST COMMONE NONSKIN MALIGNANCY IN FEMALE AND 2ND TO LUNG CA IN CAUSE OF DEATH IN WOMEN
BREAST CANCER
83
RISK FACTORS FOR BREAST CANCER
Female * Age * Personal or family Hx of Breast CA * Early menarche/late menses * Nulliparity * ETOH use * Increased breast density * Exposure to radiation * BRCA1 and BRCA2
84
80-90 % SQUAMOUS CELL INFECTED WITH CERTAIN HPV EARLY SEXUALY ACTIVITY MULTIPLE SEX PARTNERS PROMWISCOUS MALE PARTNER HX OF GENTIAL WARTS > 5 YEARS SINCE LAST PAP
CERVICAL CANCER
85
CERVICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF CANCER
ostcoital bleeding * Abnormal uterine bleeding and vaginal discharge * Late symptoms bladder/renal dysfunction, fistula, pain. * Cervical lesions visible on inspection * Lab/diagnostics – PAP smear, colposcopy if +
86
CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING
Age 21-29 * Starting age 21 * Every 3 years * Age 30-65 years * HPV test every 5 years * HPV/Pap cotest every 5 years * Pap test every 3 years
87
OVARIAN CANCER
Leading cause of GYN CA death, 5th most common cause of CA in women * Increased incidence in personal and family hx of CA, obesity, pregnancy later * Oral contraceptives, pregnancy by 26, tubal ligation, hysterectomy, breast feeding reduces risk * 85-90% epithelial carcinoma
88
Subjective findings- abdominal bloating, early satiety, anorexia, pelvic pressure/pain, frequent urination, constipation, leg pain, vaginal bleeding is rare.
OVARIAN CANCER
89
PE – pelvic mass, abd. distension, pleural effusion, ascites, adenopathy, cachexia.
OVARIAN CANCER
90
Diagnostics – pelvic exam, pelvic u/s, doppler of ovarian vessels, serum tumor markers, CXRAY, CBC, IVP, cystoscopy, proctoscopy, MRI, CT, barium enema, surgery.
OVARIAN CANCER
91
2ND leading cause of CA mortality in men in US * 1 in 8 men * Increased risk and mortality for Black males
PROSTATE CANCER
92
4th most common in men and 10th in women in US * Smoking * Exposure to industrial dyes or solvents * High dietary fat * Chronic bladder irritation and infection
BLADDER CANCER
93
BLADDER CANCER SUBJECTIVE FINDING S
Subjective finding – early asymptomatic, hematuria, voiding symptoms such a urinary frequency and urgency
94
BLADDER CANCER PHYSCIAL FINDINGS
PE – mass on bimanual exam, hepatomegaly or supraclavicular lymphadenopathy (METS), lymphedema w/METS to pelvic lymph nodes, pyuria occasionally
95
BLADDER CANCER DIAGNOSTIC
Diagnostic – U/A hematuria, azotemia. IVP, U/S, CT, MRI (to detect filling defects). Cystoscopy, BX, transurethral resection (for diagnosis and staging of CA)
96
Most common CA of female reproductive organs Increased incidence – women 50-70, menopause, obesity, unopposed exogenous estrogen, hx infertility or nulliparity, DM, polycystic ovaries with prolonged anovulation Personal/family hx of CA
ENDOMETRIAL CANCER
97
SUBJECTIVE FOR ENDOMETRIAL CANCER
Subjective findings – Postmenopausal bleeding treated as endometrial CA until proven otherwise. Abnormal bleeding is the presenting sign 80% cases. Pressure, back pain, LE edema, weight loss
98
PHYSICAL FINDINGS OF ENDOMETRIAL CANCER
PE – Enlarged uterus, pelvic mass, cervical stenosis, pyometra
99
DIAGNOSTICS OF ENDOMETRAIL CANCER
endometrial bx, D&C w/ EMB, TV uterine US to determine thickness of endometrium
100
Remission
Keeps the cancer down No evidence of disease Blood counts are normal
101
Maintenance phase
Normalize the patient
102
Genetic mutation that can cause CML
Philadelphia chromosome
103
Stem cells translation is typically given when
After patient undergoes high dose chemo with radiation to blast the abnormal Cells and then give new cells

NP (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions