Oncology Flashcards
What is a papilloma?
A benign epithelial tumor
Name two types of epithelial tumors.
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- Adenocarcinoma
What are mesenchymal tumors derived from?
Connective tissues
Fill in the blank: A _______ is a benign tumor of fat.
Lipoma
What is the main purpose of typing a tumor?
To understand clinical behavior, metastasis, and treatment options
What is a fine needle aspirate used for?
To obtain cytology results
What does an incisional biopsy provide?
More tissue and histology results
True or False: The first surgery is the most important for tumor excision.
True
What features allow predictions about tumor behavior?
Tumor grade
List high-grade tumor features.
- High mitotic count
- Poorly differentiated
- Locally invasive
- Necrosis
- Nuclear/cellular atypia
What does tumor staging assess?
Features of the primary tumor and spread
What does ‘T’ stand for in tumor staging?
Tumor
What is the most common medically treated cancer in pets?
Lymphoma
Identify the stages of lymphoma in dogs.
- Stage I: Single node or lymphoid tissue in single organ
- Stage II: Regional involvement of lymph nodes
- Stage III: Lymph nodes affected on both sides of diaphragm
- Stage IV: Liver and spleen involvement
- Stage V: Blood, bone marrow, or non-lymphoid tissue affected
Fill in the blank: The immunophenotype of T cells in lymphoma is considered _______.
Terrible
What are paraneoplastic syndromes?
Symptoms caused by cancer that are not directly related to the tumor mass
Name a clinical sign of hypercalcemia.
PUPD (polyuria and polydipsia)
What is the purpose of surgery in cancer treatment?
Local treatment
Name two types of chemotherapy.
- Maximum tolerated dose chemotherapy
- Metronomic chemotherapy
What does chemotherapy disrupt?
Cell replication
What is the common side effect of chemotherapy on bone marrow?
Lowest white blood cell count occurs 7 days after treatment
What is the significance of extravasation during chemotherapy administration?
It can cause a non-healing wound if chemotherapy leaks at the injection site
List two examples of chemotherapeutic drugs.
- Vincristine
- Doxorubicin
What is an adverse effect of cyclophosphamide?
Sterile hemorrhagic cystitis
What is the function of tyrosine kinase inhibitors?
Target surface cells and inhibit signal transduction
List two adverse effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
What is the management approach for chemotherapy side effects?
Monitoring blood and urine for protein leakage
What are the possible tumour removal surgery types?
- radical
◦ removes entire compartment or structure containing mass (limb, muscle, bone) - curative intent
◦ removes 2-3cm lateral margins and one fascial plane - marginal
◦ removes all the mass within pseudocapsule
◦ usually need to follow up with medical management - cytoreductive
◦ removes the bulk of disease within pseudocapsule
