Oncology

Question 1

What is a papilloma?

Answer 1

A benign epithelial tumor

Question 2

Name two types of epithelial tumors.

Answer 2

• Squamous cell carcinoma
• Adenocarcinoma

Question 3

What are mesenchymal tumors derived from?

Answer 3

Connective tissues

Question 4

Fill in the blank: A _______ is a benign tumor of fat.

Answer 4

Lipoma

Question 5

What is the main purpose of typing a tumor?

Answer 5

To understand clinical behavior, metastasis, and treatment options

Question 6

What is a fine needle aspirate used for?

Answer 6

To obtain cytology results

Question 7

What does an incisional biopsy provide?

Answer 7

More tissue and histology results

Question 8

True or False: The first surgery is the most important for tumor excision.

Answer 8

True

Question 9

What features allow predictions about tumor behavior?

Answer 9

Tumor grade

Question 10

List high-grade tumor features.

Answer 10

• High mitotic count
• Poorly differentiated
• Locally invasive
• Necrosis
• Nuclear/cellular atypia

Question 11

What does tumor staging assess?

Answer 11

Features of the primary tumor and spread

Question 12

What does ‘T’ stand for in tumor staging?

Answer 12

Tumor

Question 13

What is the most common medically treated cancer in pets?

Answer 13

Lymphoma

Question 14

Identify the stages of lymphoma in dogs.

Answer 14

• Stage I: Single node or lymphoid tissue in single organ
• Stage II: Regional involvement of lymph nodes
• Stage III: Lymph nodes affected on both sides of diaphragm
• Stage IV: Liver and spleen involvement
• Stage V: Blood, bone marrow, or non-lymphoid tissue affected

Question 15

Fill in the blank: The immunophenotype of T cells in lymphoma is considered _______.

Answer 15

Terrible

Question 16

What are paraneoplastic syndromes?

Answer 16

Symptoms caused by cancer that are not directly related to the tumor mass

Question 17

Name a clinical sign of hypercalcemia.

Answer 17

PUPD (polyuria and polydipsia)

Question 18

What is the purpose of surgery in cancer treatment?

Answer 18

Local treatment

Question 19

Name two types of chemotherapy.

Answer 19

• Maximum tolerated dose chemotherapy
• Metronomic chemotherapy

Question 20

What does chemotherapy disrupt?

Answer 20

Cell replication

Question 21

What is the common side effect of chemotherapy on bone marrow?

Answer 21

Lowest white blood cell count occurs 7 days after treatment

Question 22

What is the significance of extravasation during chemotherapy administration?

Answer 22

It can cause a non-healing wound if chemotherapy leaks at the injection site

Question 23

List two examples of chemotherapeutic drugs.

Answer 23

• Vincristine
• Doxorubicin

Question 24

What is an adverse effect of cyclophosphamide?

Answer 24

Sterile hemorrhagic cystitis

Question 25

What is the function of tyrosine kinase inhibitors?

Answer 25

Target surface cells and inhibit signal transduction

Question 26

List two adverse effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

Answer 26

* Vomiting * Diarrhea

Question 27

What is the management approach for chemotherapy side effects?

Answer 27

Monitoring blood and urine for protein leakage

Question 28

What are the possible tumour removal surgery types?

Answer 28

* radical ◦ removes entire compartment or structure containing mass (limb, muscle, bone) * curative intent ◦ removes 2-3cm lateral margins and one fascial plane * marginal ◦ removes all the mass within pseudocapsule ◦ usually need to follow up with medical management * cytoreductive ◦ removes the bulk of disease within pseudocapsule