Oncology Flashcards
what are the main neoplasms seen in horses?
sarcoid
squamous cell carcinoma
papilloma
melanoma
mast cell tumour
what are the risk factors for neoplasia?
increased age
breed
sex
location/management
what breeds are predisposed to melanoma?
grey horses (Lipizzaner)
what breeds are predisposed to shires and clydesdales?
ocular squamous cell carcinoma
what management practice can predispose to squamous cell carcinomas?
UV exposure (sun and altitude)
what are paraneoplastic syndromes?
diseases/signs that arrive as a direct consequence of a tumour (but not the actual physical presence)
what are the four main groups of paraneoplastic syndromes?
mucocutaneous and skin
neurological syndromes
haematological syndromes
endocrine and metabolic
what are examples of mucocutaneous and skin paraneoplastic syndromes?
pemphigus and pruritis
what are examples of mucocutaneous and skin paraneoplastic syndromes?
pemphigus and pruritus
what are examples of haematological paraneoplastic syndromes?
anaemia, polycytaemia and granulocytosis
what are examples of endocrine and metabolic paraneoplastic syndromes?
cachexia, hypercalcaemia, hypertrophic osteopathy
what are the three possible ways of treating neoplasia?
cytotoxic
ablative
biological
what are examples of ablative therapy for cancer treatment?
surgery
laser
cryotherapy
hyperthermia
what are examples of cytotoxic therapy to treat neoplasia?
chemotherapy
radiotherapy
phototherapy
electrochemotherapy
what are examples of biological treatments for neoplasms?
immunotherapy
vaccines
cytokine therapy
gene therapy
what neoplasms of horses can effect all systems?
lymphoma
haemoangiosarcoma
what is the origin of lymphomas?
lymphatic tissue
what are the four main forms of lymphoma?
multi centric
alimentary
cutaneous
mediastinal/thoracic/thymic
what age horses are effected by multicentric lymphomas?
4-12 years (mature young horses)
what are the clinical signs of multicentric lymphoma?
weight loss, depression, ventral oedema, recurrent fever (very vague and depends on location)
how are multicentric lymphomas diagnosed?
cytology/biopsy
how are multicentic lymphomas treated?
surgical removal (solitary lesions) or chemotherapy
what is the prognosis for horses with multicentric lymphoma?
depends on the stage of disease
what age horses is alimentary lymphoma most commonly seen in?
> 12 years
what are the clinical signs of alimentary lymphoma?
malabsorption, weight loss, colic
how can alimentary lymphoma be diagnosed?
cytology of peritoneal fluid and biopsy
what age horses are effected by mediastinal lymphoma?
all ages
what are the clinical signs of a horse with mediastinal lymphoma?
weight loss, depression, ventral/limb oedema, pleural effusion
what is the prognosis for mediastinal lymphoma?
hopeless
what is done to treat mediastinal lymphoma?
palliative (drain fluid…)
what is the prognosis of horses with cutaneous lymphoma?
less aggressive than other forms and can be static or regress
what is the origin or haemangiosarcomas?
vascular endothelium
what is the prognosis of haemangiosarcoma?
very poor
how can haemangiosarcomas be diagnosed?
cytology and biopsy (very difficult)
what tumours affect the oral cavity of horses?
ameloblastoma
ossifying fibroma
squamous cell carcinoma
melanoma
what is the origin of ameloblastomas?
odontogenic epithelium
what age horses are effected by ossifying fibromas of the oral cavity?
younger horses
what neoplasias are seen in the GI tract of horses?
gastric SSC
intestinal lymphoma
intestinal adenocarcinoma
lipoma
what neoplasm is found in the liver?
hepatic adenocarcinoma
what neoplasms are found in the upper airways of horse?
SCC
atheroma, epidermal inclusion cyct
nasal polyp
guttural pouch melanoma
what neoplasms are seen in the lower airway and thoracic cavity?
pulmonary granular cell tumour
haemangiosarcoma
lymphoma
what neoplasms can be seen in the globe of the eye?
melanoma
ameloblastoma
atrocytoma
proliferative optic neuropathy
