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Equine (fourth year) > Oncology > Flashcards

Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main neoplasms seen in horses?

A

sarcoid
squamous cell carcinoma
papilloma
melanoma
mast cell tumour

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2
Q

what are the risk factors for neoplasia?

A

increased age
breed
sex
location/management

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3
Q

what breeds are predisposed to melanoma?

A

grey horses (Lipizzaner)

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4
Q

what breeds are predisposed to shires and clydesdales?

A

ocular squamous cell carcinoma

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5
Q

what management practice can predispose to squamous cell carcinomas?

A

UV exposure (sun and altitude)

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6
Q

what are paraneoplastic syndromes?

A

diseases/signs that arrive as a direct consequence of a tumour (but not the actual physical presence)

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7
Q

what are the four main groups of paraneoplastic syndromes?

A

mucocutaneous and skin
neurological syndromes
haematological syndromes
endocrine and metabolic

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8
Q

what are examples of mucocutaneous and skin paraneoplastic syndromes?

A

pemphigus and pruritis

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9
Q

what are examples of mucocutaneous and skin paraneoplastic syndromes?

A

pemphigus and pruritus

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10
Q

what are examples of haematological paraneoplastic syndromes?

A

anaemia, polycytaemia and granulocytosis

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11
Q

what are examples of endocrine and metabolic paraneoplastic syndromes?

A

cachexia, hypercalcaemia, hypertrophic osteopathy

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12
Q

what are the three possible ways of treating neoplasia?

A

cytotoxic
ablative
biological

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13
Q

what are examples of ablative therapy for cancer treatment?

A

surgery
laser
cryotherapy
hyperthermia

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14
Q

what are examples of cytotoxic therapy to treat neoplasia?

A

chemotherapy
radiotherapy
phototherapy
electrochemotherapy

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15
Q

what are examples of biological treatments for neoplasms?

A

immunotherapy
vaccines
cytokine therapy
gene therapy

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16
Q

what neoplasms of horses can effect all systems?

A

lymphoma
haemoangiosarcoma

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17
Q

what is the origin of lymphomas?

A

lymphatic tissue

18
Q

what are the four main forms of lymphoma?

A

multi centric
alimentary
cutaneous
mediastinal/thoracic/thymic

19
Q

what age horses are effected by multicentric lymphomas?

A

4-12 years (mature young horses)

20
Q

what are the clinical signs of multicentric lymphoma?

A

weight loss, depression, ventral oedema, recurrent fever (very vague and depends on location)

21
Q

how are multicentric lymphomas diagnosed?

A

cytology/biopsy

22
Q

how are multicentic lymphomas treated?

A

surgical removal (solitary lesions) or chemotherapy

23
Q

what is the prognosis for horses with multicentric lymphoma?

A

depends on the stage of disease

24
Q

what age horses is alimentary lymphoma most commonly seen in?

A

> 12 years

25
Q

what are the clinical signs of alimentary lymphoma?

A

malabsorption, weight loss, colic

26
Q

how can alimentary lymphoma be diagnosed?

A

cytology of peritoneal fluid and biopsy

27
Q

what age horses are effected by mediastinal lymphoma?

A

all ages

28
Q

what are the clinical signs of a horse with mediastinal lymphoma?

A

weight loss, depression, ventral/limb oedema, pleural effusion

29
Q

what is the prognosis for mediastinal lymphoma?

A

hopeless

30
Q

what is done to treat mediastinal lymphoma?

A

palliative (drain fluid…)

31
Q

what is the prognosis of horses with cutaneous lymphoma?

A

less aggressive than other forms and can be static or regress

32
Q

what is the origin or haemangiosarcomas?

A

vascular endothelium

33
Q

what is the prognosis of haemangiosarcoma?

A

very poor

34
Q

how can haemangiosarcomas be diagnosed?

A

cytology and biopsy (very difficult)

35
Q

what tumours affect the oral cavity of horses?

A

ameloblastoma
ossifying fibroma
squamous cell carcinoma
melanoma

36
Q

what is the origin of ameloblastomas?

A

odontogenic epithelium

37
Q

what age horses are effected by ossifying fibromas of the oral cavity?

A

younger horses

38
Q

what neoplasias are seen in the GI tract of horses?

A

gastric SSC
intestinal lymphoma
intestinal adenocarcinoma
lipoma

39
Q

what neoplasm is found in the liver?

A

hepatic adenocarcinoma

40
Q

what neoplasms are found in the upper airways of horse?

A

SCC
atheroma, epidermal inclusion cyct
nasal polyp
guttural pouch melanoma

41
Q

what neoplasms are seen in the lower airway and thoracic cavity?

A

pulmonary granular cell tumour
haemangiosarcoma
lymphoma

42
Q

what neoplasms can be seen in the globe of the eye?

A

melanoma
ameloblastoma
atrocytoma
proliferative optic neuropathy

Equine (fourth year) (11 decks)

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