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Bmsc > Oncogenes > Flashcards

Oncogenes Flashcards

1
Q

Viral induction

A

Virus goes in front of oncogene and tells RNA to make more protein

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2
Q

Viral induction example

A

gag-pol-env

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3
Q

Activating mutation

A

Caused by gene instability

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4
Q

Examples of activating mutations

A

Ras can’t disconnect from GTP in pancreatic cancer

EGFR doesn’t need binding

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5
Q

What does activation of the Kras oncogene cause?

A

Ras is constantly bound to GTP and causes growth and proliferation

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5
Q

How can DNA damage be imaged?

A

Fluorescently tagged antibody is tagged onto antibody that responds to damage

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6
Q

Names some kinases that respond to DNA breaks

A

ATM phosphorylates Chk2

ATR phosphorylates Chk1

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7
Q

_____ localises to DNA damage

_____ is already present but phosphorylates upon DNA damage.

A

53bp1

yh2ax

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8
Q

CDK order

A

4221

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9
Q

Cyclin order

A

DEAB

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10
Q

Both cancerous and precancerous cells have DNA damage. What is the difference between them?

A

mutation of p53, ATM or Chk2

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11
Q

What causes DNA damage in precancerous cells?

A

Oncogene activation

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11
Q

What can be added between replication cycles to compare them?

A

Fluorescent nucleotides

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12
Q

Fluorescent nucleotide examples

A

Chlorodioxiuradine replaces thymine

IDU

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13
Q

Oncogene expression causes ________ to start early.

A

S phase

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14
Q
A
14
Q

Where are the normal origins of replication (constitutive origins)?

A

Intergenic regions
G1, S

15
Q

What effect does expression of oncogenes have on origins?

A

Extra origin within a gene

16
Q

Transcription-replication conflicts

A

Encounters between DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase

17
Q

What can cause a replication fork to collapse?

A

Stalled transcription can lead to conflicts when a replication fork approaches

18
Q

How can R loops form?

A

If RNA helicase is functional while there are other transcription/splicing errors, unwound RNA can bind to complementary DNA and form R loops

19
Q

What is the effect of R loops

A

Inhibits transcription complex and gets stuck

20
Q

How does translocation occur?

A

Unrelated DNA breaks joined together

21
Q

What are some effects of oncogene expression?

A

Normal replication decreases

Truncated replication increases

New origins fire (cell can’t use its normal origins)

22
Q

Truncated replication

A

Replication stops early resulting in a partial sequence of the DNA fragment

23
Q

When does phosphorylation happen?

A

Post transcription

24
Q

When does ubiquitylation happen?

A

Post translation

25
Q

____________ add a phosphate group and ____________ remove a phosphate group.

A

Kinases
Phosphatases

26
Q

Describe how auto phosphorylation occurs

A

2 isoforms phosphorylate each other

27
Q

Proteosomes function

A

Degrades proteins into reusable amino acids

Bmsc (15 decks)

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