Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

bio > on the wild side > Flashcards

on the wild side Flashcards

1
Q

colonisation

A

arrival of organisms on bare land

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

pioneer species

A

first species to colonise new land
usually algae/ lichens
can germinate easily and withstand harsh conditions such as low nutrient and water availability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

climax community

A

final community formed containing all the plant and animal species that have now colonised the land
a stable community

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

plagioclimax

A

climax communities that develop due to human intervention
stable communities
would not have developed without human intervention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

deflected succession

A

when a community becomes stable due to human activity preventing further succession

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how can humans prevent succession?

A

regular mowing- prevents woody plant growth
grazing- prevents new plant growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does photosynthesis convert light energy into?

A

chemical energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

where is the chemical energy that is produced in photosynthesis stored?

A

in the biomass of producers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is light energy used for in photosynthesis?

A

photolysis of H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what happens to the oxygen molecule produced in photosynthesis?

A

it is released into the atmosphere as waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is stored in the bonds of glucose molecules?

A

chemical energy
so glucose can function as fuel for respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O > C6H12O6 + 6O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are some processed that require ATP?

A

anabolic processes- building new molecules from the products of digestion
activation of chemicals
movement- muscle contraction
active transport
secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does the hydrolysis of ATP produce?

A

inorganic phosphate
a small amount of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the hydrolysis of ATP catalysed by?

A

ATPase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the chloroplast envelope?

A

double membrane that keeps all components needed for photosynthesis close together

the transport proteins in inner membrane control flow of molecules between stroma and cytoplasm

the inner and outer membranes are both phospholipid bilayers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the stroma?

A

gel like fluid
contains enzymes that catalyse photosynthesis
contains sugars, ribosomes, chloroplast DNA
if chloroplast has been photosynthesising, may be starch grains or lipid drops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is chloroplast DNA?

A

genes that code for some proteins used in photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are ribosomes in chloroplasts for?

A

enable translation of proteins coded by chloroplast DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the thylakoid membrane?

A

space between 2 membranes of this double membrane called thylakoid space where conditions differ from stroma
eg protein gradient can be established between stroma and thylakoid space
small volume so protein grad develops quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is a thylakoid?

A

flattened fluid filled sacs
each surrounded by thylakoid membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are grana?

A

creates large sa, maximising number of photosystems and allowing max light absorption
provide more membrane area for proteins like electron carriers and ATP synthase enzymes
stacks of thylakoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is lamellae?

A

membrane channels
connect grana
ensure grana connected but distanced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are photosystems?

A

each photosystem absorbs light of a different wavelength, maximising light absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
where do light dependant reactions take place?
across the thylakoid membrane
26
what is photolysis?
splitting of water molecules enabled by light energy produces 2H+, 2e-, O
27
what are the products of light dependant reactions?
ATP NADPH (used in light independent)
28
what is NADP?
a coenzyme transfers H from one molecule to another when NADP gains H it is reduced to formNADPH NADPH can reduce other molecules by giving away H can oxidise by receiving
29
what is an electron transport chain?
electrons pass from one protein along the chain, releasing energy as they do so
30
what is chemiosmosis?
H+ actively pumped from low conc in stroma to high conc in thylakoid, generating a conc grad H+ diffuse back across the thylakoid membrane into stroma via ATP synthase enzymes embedded in the membrane movement of H+ causes ATP synthase to catalyse production of ATP from ADP and Pi
31
what does cyclic phosphorylation produce?
ATP
32
where do light independent reactions reactions occur?
stroma
33
what is the process of light independent reactions?
CO2 and RuBP combined catalysed by rubisco results in a 6C compound unstable so splits into 2 GP (3C) energy from ATP and H from NADPH used to reduce 2GP to form 2 GALP 5 C form GALP used to regenerate RuBP, other C used to produce glucose
34
what is RuBP
ribulose biphosphate 5C
35
what is GP
glycerate 3 phosphate 3C
36
what does CO2 has been fixed mean?
removed from the external environment become part of a molecule inside plant cell
37
what is primary productivity?
rate at which producers convert light energy into chemical energy
38
what is gross primary productivity?
rate at which chemical energy is converted into carbohydrates during photosynthesis
39
what is net primary productivity?
rate at which energy is stored in plant biomass
40
what is the equation for net primary productivity?
NPP = GPP - R
41
what is net productivity?
rate at which energy is converted into biomass in the body of a consumer
42
what evidence can be used to support climate change?
atmospheric CO2 average global temp analysing pollen grains in peat bogs dendrochronology
43
how is atmospheric CO2 investigated?
analyse gas composition of bubbles formed in ancient ice cores
44
how is peat formed?
under waterlogged and acidic conditions, partly decomposed dead plant matter accumulates and becomes compacted under its own weight
45
what do light coloured rings in a tree trunk show?
fast growth during spring/ summer warmer months
46
what do dark coloured rings in a tree trunk show?
slow autumn growth
47
explain the greenhouse effect
radiation from sun hits earth radiated back from earths surface greenhouse gases absorb it, trapping it in earths atmosphere
48
why is the greenhouse effect important?
so the earth is warm enough for life
49
since when have CO2 levels risen to the highest?
50
what are some examples of carbon sinks?
trees soils peat bogs oceans
51
what human activities have lead to the significant increase of methane levels?
intensive cattle farming organic matter decomposing in landfill extraction of fossil fuels from underground
52
why do enzymes denature?
temp too high kinetic energy increase and vibration of enzyme put a strain on its bonds weaker H/ ionic bonds break tertiary structure changes active site denatures no longer complementary to substrate, can't bind, cant catalyse reaction
53
what does Q10 calculate?
the increase in rate when the temperature increases by 10
54
what are biofuels made from?
recently living plants biomass eg sugar cane
55
what are arguments for biofuels?
cheaper than oil carbon neutral cos release C than was recently removed from atmosphere when plants were alive (fossil fuels release C stored for millions of years) renewable cos regrown quickly
56
what are arguments against biofuels?
still release CO2 land needed to grow them cld be used for food production creating the land destroys habitats eg rainforests so bad for biodiversity cutting down mature trees for land decreases C removal by photosynthesis
57
what are cons of geothermal energy?
only can be used when there's volcanic activity close to earths surface
58
what are cons of solar energy?
depends on sunshine hours
59
what are cons of wind energy?
depends on windspeed concern ab impact of wind turbines on birds and bats concern ab visual impacts on landscape
60
what are cons of tidal energy?
only generated near coast
61
what are ways for humans to increase global photosynthesis rates?
stop deforestation plant trees/ reforestation- mature trees store lots of C in biomass
62
evolution definition
changes in the heritable characteristics of organisms over generations
63
selection pressures
environmental factors that influence survival chances
64
steps of natural selection
1. variation is present in a pop 2. selection pressure affects a pop 3. those w advantageous alleles are more likely to survive and reproduce 4. advantageous alleles passed onto offspring 5. advantageous allele frequency in pop increases
65
speciation definiton
development of new species from pre- existing species over time
66
what type of speciation is due to geographical isolation?
allopatric
67
what type of speciation is due to random mutations that prevent interbreeding?
sympatric
68
what phenotype changes could lead to sympatric speciation?
mechanical- genetalia no longer match up behavioural- no longer attract individuals to mate w seasonal- reproductive timings dont match
69
steps of speciation with natural selection
1. variation present 2. selection pressures act on a pop- diff between 2 isolated pops 3. advantageous alleles provide some individuals w increased survival and reproduction chances- diff advantageous alleles in isolated pops 4. advantageous alleles passed on 5. allele frequencies change- can no longer breed to produce fertile offspring
70
why are fossil records evidence of evolution?
fossils have changed over millions of years can show evidence of transitional species which shows how one species could evolve into another
71
why is the development of antibiotics evidence for evolution?
antibiotics is selection pressure increase in frequency of mutated gene
72
why is molecular evidence evidence for evolution?
analysis of DNA/ proteins show similarities between species that indicate evolution from a common ancestor
73
what is the theory of evolution?
all species on earth have evolved from a single common ancestor
74
how does the scientific community asses new ideas?
reading scientific journals attending scientific conferences
75
what does non cyclic phosphorylation produce?
ATP NADPH

bio (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions