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bio > on the wild side > Flashcards

on the wild side Flashcards

1
Q

colonisation

A

arrival of organisms on bare land

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2
Q

pioneer species

A

first species to colonise new land
usually algae/ lichens
can germinate easily and withstand harsh conditions such as low nutrient and water availability

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3
Q

climax community

A

final community formed containing all the plant and animal species that have now colonised the land
a stable community

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4
Q

plagioclimax

A

climax communities that develop due to human intervention
stable communities
would not have developed without human intervention

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5
Q

deflected succession

A

when a community becomes stable due to human activity preventing further succession

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6
Q

how can humans prevent succession?

A

regular mowing- prevents woody plant growth
grazing- prevents new plant growth

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7
Q

what does photosynthesis convert light energy into?

A

chemical energy

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8
Q

where is the chemical energy that is produced in photosynthesis stored?

A

in the biomass of producers

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9
Q

what is light energy used for in photosynthesis?

A

photolysis of H2O

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10
Q

what happens to the oxygen molecule produced in photosynthesis?

A

it is released into the atmosphere as waste

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11
Q

what is stored in the bonds of glucose molecules?

A

chemical energy
so glucose can function as fuel for respiration

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12
Q

what is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O > C6H12O6 + 6O2

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13
Q

what are some processed that require ATP?

A

anabolic processes- building new molecules from the products of digestion
activation of chemicals
movement- muscle contraction
active transport
secretion

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14
Q

what does the hydrolysis of ATP produce?

A

inorganic phosphate
a small amount of energy

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15
Q

what is the hydrolysis of ATP catalysed by?

A

ATPase

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16
Q

what is the chloroplast envelope?

A

double membrane that keeps all components needed for photosynthesis close together

the transport proteins in inner membrane control flow of molecules between stroma and cytoplasm

the inner and outer membranes are both phospholipid bilayers

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17
Q

what is the stroma?

A

gel like fluid
contains enzymes that catalyse photosynthesis
contains sugars, ribosomes, chloroplast DNA
if chloroplast has been photosynthesising, may be starch grains or lipid drops

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18
Q

what is chloroplast DNA?

A

genes that code for some proteins used in photosynthesis

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19
Q

what are ribosomes in chloroplasts for?

A

enable translation of proteins coded by chloroplast DNA

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20
Q

what is the thylakoid membrane?

A

space between 2 membranes of this double membrane called thylakoid space where conditions differ from stroma
eg protein gradient can be established between stroma and thylakoid space
small volume so protein grad develops quickly

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21
Q

what is a thylakoid?

A

flattened fluid filled sacs
each surrounded by thylakoid membrane

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22
Q

what are grana?

A

creates large sa, maximising number of photosystems and allowing max light absorption
provide more membrane area for proteins like electron carriers and ATP synthase enzymes
stacks of thylakoids

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23
Q

What is lamellae?

A

membrane channels
connect grana
ensure grana connected but distanced

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24
Q

what are photosystems?

A

each photosystem absorbs light of a different wavelength, maximising light absorption

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25
Q

where do light dependant reactions take place?

A

across the thylakoid membrane

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26
Q

what is photolysis?

A

splitting of water molecules
enabled by light energy
produces 2H+, 2e-, O

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27
Q

what are the products of light dependant reactions?

A

ATP
NADPH
(used in light independent)

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28
Q

what is NADP?

A

a coenzyme
transfers H from one molecule to another
when NADP gains H it is reduced to formNADPH
NADPH can reduce other molecules by giving away H
can oxidise by receiving

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29
Q

what is an electron transport chain?

A

electrons pass from one protein along the chain, releasing energy as they do so

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30
Q

what is chemiosmosis?

A

H+ actively pumped from low conc in stroma to high conc in thylakoid, generating a conc grad
H+ diffuse back across the thylakoid membrane into stroma via ATP synthase enzymes embedded in the membrane
movement of H+ causes ATP synthase to catalyse production of ATP from ADP and Pi

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31
Q

what does cyclic phosphorylation produce?

A

ATP

32
Q

where do light independent reactions reactions occur?

A

stroma

33
Q

what is the process of light independent reactions?

A

CO2 and RuBP combined
catalysed by rubisco
results in a 6C compound
unstable so splits into 2 GP (3C)
energy from ATP and H from NADPH used to reduce 2GP to form 2 GALP
5 C form GALP used to regenerate RuBP, other C used to produce glucose

34
Q

what is RuBP

A

ribulose biphosphate
5C

35
Q

what is GP

A

glycerate 3 phosphate
3C

36
Q

what does CO2 has been fixed mean?

A

removed from the external environment
become part of a molecule inside plant cell

37
Q

what is primary productivity?

A

rate at which producers convert light energy into chemical energy

38
Q

what is gross primary productivity?

A

rate at which chemical energy is converted into carbohydrates during photosynthesis

39
Q

what is net primary productivity?

A

rate at which energy is stored in plant biomass

40
Q

what is the equation for net primary productivity?

A

NPP = GPP - R

41
Q

what is net productivity?

A

rate at which energy is converted into biomass in the body of a consumer

42
Q

what evidence can be used to support climate change?

A

atmospheric CO2
average global temp
analysing pollen grains in peat bogs
dendrochronology

43
Q

how is atmospheric CO2 investigated?

A

analyse gas composition of bubbles formed in ancient ice cores

44
Q

how is peat formed?

A

under waterlogged and acidic conditions, partly decomposed dead plant matter accumulates and becomes compacted under its own weight

45
Q

what do light coloured rings in a tree trunk show?

A

fast growth during spring/ summer warmer months

46
Q

what do dark coloured rings in a tree trunk show?

A

slow autumn growth

47
Q

explain the greenhouse effect

A

radiation from sun hits earth
radiated back from earths surface
greenhouse gases absorb it, trapping it in earths atmosphere

48
Q

why is the greenhouse effect important?

A

so the earth is warm enough for life

49
Q

since when have CO2 levels risen to the highest?

A
50
Q

what are some examples of carbon sinks?

A

trees
soils
peat bogs
oceans

51
Q

what human activities have lead to the significant increase of methane levels?

A

intensive cattle farming
organic matter decomposing in landfill
extraction of fossil fuels from underground

52
Q

why do enzymes denature?

A

temp too high
kinetic energy increase and vibration of enzyme put a strain on its bonds
weaker H/ ionic bonds break
tertiary structure changes
active site denatures
no longer complementary to substrate, can’t bind, cant catalyse reaction

53
Q

what does Q10 calculate?

A

the increase in rate when the temperature increases by 10

54
Q

what are biofuels made from?

A

recently living plants biomass eg sugar cane

55
Q

what are arguments for biofuels?

A

cheaper than oil
carbon neutral cos release C than was recently removed from atmosphere when plants were alive (fossil fuels release C stored for millions of years)
renewable cos regrown quickly

56
Q

what are arguments against biofuels?

A

still release CO2
land needed to grow them cld be used for food production
creating the land destroys habitats eg rainforests so bad for biodiversity
cutting down mature trees for land decreases C removal by photosynthesis

57
Q

what are cons of geothermal energy?

A

only can be used when there’s volcanic activity close to earths surface

58
Q

what are cons of solar energy?

A

depends on sunshine hours

59
Q

what are cons of wind energy?

A

depends on windspeed
concern ab impact of wind turbines on birds and bats
concern ab visual impacts on landscape

60
Q

what are cons of tidal energy?

A

only generated near coast

61
Q

what are ways for humans to increase global photosynthesis rates?

A

stop deforestation
plant trees/ reforestation- mature trees store lots of C in biomass

62
Q

evolution definition

A

changes in the heritable characteristics of organisms over generations

63
Q

selection pressures

A

environmental factors that influence survival chances

64
Q

steps of natural selection

A
  1. variation is present in a pop
  2. selection pressure affects a pop
  3. those w advantageous alleles are more likely to survive and reproduce
  4. advantageous alleles passed onto offspring
  5. advantageous allele frequency in pop increases
65
Q

speciation definiton

A

development of new species from pre- existing species over time

66
Q

what type of speciation is due to geographical isolation?

A

allopatric

67
Q

what type of speciation is due to random mutations that prevent interbreeding?

A

sympatric

68
Q

what phenotype changes could lead to sympatric speciation?

A

mechanical- genetalia no longer match up
behavioural- no longer attract individuals to mate w
seasonal- reproductive timings dont match

69
Q

steps of speciation with natural selection

A
  1. variation present
  2. selection pressures act on a pop- diff between 2 isolated pops
  3. advantageous alleles provide some individuals w increased survival and reproduction chances- diff advantageous alleles in isolated pops
  4. advantageous alleles passed on
  5. allele frequencies change- can no longer breed to produce fertile offspring
70
Q

why are fossil records evidence of evolution?

A

fossils have changed over millions of years
can show evidence of transitional species which shows how one species could evolve into another

71
Q

why is the development of antibiotics evidence for evolution?

A

antibiotics is selection pressure
increase in frequency of mutated gene

72
Q

why is molecular evidence evidence for evolution?

A

analysis of DNA/ proteins show similarities between species that indicate evolution from a common ancestor

73
Q

what is the theory of evolution?

A

all species on earth have evolved from a single common ancestor

74
Q

how does the scientific community asses new ideas?

A

reading scientific journals
attending scientific conferences

75
Q

what does non cyclic phosphorylation produce?

A

ATP
NADPH

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