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Biology > On the Wild Sdei > Flashcards

On the Wild Sdei Flashcards

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1
Q

what do plants use to produce glucose?

A
  • the suns energy
  • through photosynthesis
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2
Q

Why are plants autotrophs?

A
  • because they do not need to feed to gain energy
  • animals are heterotrophic
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3
Q

What are the other examples of autotrophs?

A
  • Purple sulphur bacteria
  • uses hydrogen sulphide and heat energy to make sugar
  • these are known as chemosynthetic autotrophs
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4
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A
  • one of several photosynthetic pigments
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5
Q

What are the three types of photosynthetic pigments?

A
  • chlorophyll a
  • chlorophyll b
  • carotenoids
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6
Q

Describe the structure of chlorophyll A and B

A
  • hydrophilic head
  • Mg2+ at the centre of a PORPHYRIN ring structure
  • hydrophobic tail
  • made of a hydrocarbon chain that anchors the molecule into chloroplast membrane
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7
Q

What is the difference between chlorophyll A and B

A
  • A has a CH3 group attached to porphyrin ring structure
  • B has a CHO group attached to porphyrin ring structure
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8
Q

What are carotenoids?

A
  • red, orange, yellow pigments
  • hydrophobic
  • membrane attached

= accessory pigments
- assist chlorophyll a+b by passing on light to them

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9
Q

All photosynthetic pigments absorb…… light

A

Blue

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10
Q

What wavelengths can carotenoids not use?

A
  • longer wavelengths in the yellow to red part of the spectrum
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11
Q

What are the best light colours for photosynthesis?

A
  • blue and light red
  • plants have several pigments to absorb as much light as possible
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12
Q

Why are leaves not black

A
  • as they will get too hot and enzymes will denature
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13
Q

What is the function of the outer membrane of chlorophyll?

A
  • allows free passage of CO2, O2, H2O
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14
Q

Describe the inner membrane of chlorophyll

A
  • contains many transporter proteins
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15
Q

What is the thylakoid membrane?

A
  • interconnected, flat, fluid-filled sacs of membrane
  • membrane contains photosynthetic pigments
  • light dependent reaction occurs here
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16
Q

What is the granum?

A
  • stacks of thylakoids
17
Q

What is the stroma?

A
  • the fluid surrounding thylakoids
  • light independent reaction occurs here
18
Q

Where are photosynthesis products stored?

A
  • in the starch granule
19
Q

What is the DNA loop?

A
  • chloroplast dna coding for some proteins
20
Q
A
21
Q

Where do light dependent reactions take place?

A

Photosytems 1+2 in the thylakoids membrane

22
Q

What do light dependent reactions do?

A
  • produce ATP to supply energy for synthesis of carbohydrates
  • production of NADPH to supply H+ for synthesis of glucose
23
Q

What does the light dependent reaction look like

A
24
Q

What does the light dependent reaction look like

A
25
Q

What is ATP?

A
  • adenosine triphosphate
  • transport of chemical energy
26
Q

Describe the formation of ATP

A

= condensation reaction

  • nucleotide w/ two extra phosphate groups reacts with energy and Pi to form ATP
27
Q

Describe another type of ATP reaction

A

= hydrolysis reaction

  • ATP uses ATPase and H2O to go to a nucleotide with two phosphate groups attached, H+, a phosphate group and energy
28
Q

Where does the energy released in the hydrolysis of ATP come from?

A
  • energy is released as Pi gets hydrated (forming new bonds)
29
Q

What is NADPH?

A

= nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- coenzyme
- functions as a reducing agent by carrying hydrogen

30
Q

What are photosystems I and II

A
  • reaction centres = chlorophyll a
  • accessory pigments pass light energy to reaction centres
31
Q

What is the difference between photosystem 2 and 1

A
  • photosystem 2 absorbs light with wavelengths of ~680nm
  • photosystem 1 absorbs light with wavelength of 700nm
32
Q

Describe the light dependent reaction

A
  1. PS 2 P860 reaction centre emits 2 excited electrons which pass to an electron acceptor (cytochrome) which are reduced
  2. The electrons lost from PS 2 are replaced by the photolysis of H2O which produces 2H+ ions, 2 free electrons and 1/2 O2
  3. The e- then pass to a series of e- carriers along an electron transport chain. Each carrier becomes reduced, then oxidised as it passes the e- on.
  4. Each e- carrier has a lower energy level than the last one, so as e- pass on, energy is released which is used to synthesises ATP in a reaction called photophosphorylation
  5. PS I’s P700 reaction centre has also emitted 2 excited e-. These are replaced by the 2 e- from PS II electron transfer chain
  6. Electrons emitted from PS I are captured by an acceptor and passed down another chain of e- carriers
  7. 2 e- combine with H+ from H2O to reduce NADP+ to. NADPH
33
Q

what is the function of Light independent reactions?

A
  • to use NADPH and ATP to reduce CO2 to produce glucose in a series of reactions called the Calvin Cycle
34
Q

What is the equation for light independent reaction

A

6 CO2 + 18 ATP + 12 NADPH + H+ -> C6H12O6 + 18ADP + 8Pi + 12 NADP+ + 6H2O

35
Q

Describe the Calvin cycle

A
  1. CO2 fixation
    - CO2 combines with Ribulose Triphosphate (RuBP) to form 2x gylcerate 3-phosphate (GP)
    - catalysed by enzyme RuBisCO
  2. Reduction
    - GP is reduced (picks up hydrogen) to form gyleraldehyde 3-phosphate (GALP)
    - hydrogen for reduction is from NADPH
    - energy for reaction is from ATP
  3. Regeneration of RuBP
    - GALP is used to resynthesise RUBP and produce glucose

(12 x GALP -> 6x RuBP + 1x glucose)

36
Q

What is the light independent reaction equation

A

6CO2 + 18 ATP + 12 NADPH +12H+ -> C6H12O6 + 18ADP + 18P1 + 12 NADP+

Biology (5 decks)

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