oMidterm Study Guide Flashcards
what is a dietary essential for one or more species of animal
nutrients
Describe the 3 characteristics of the simple non-ruminant animal
- one stomach
- pouch-like non compartmentalized
- enzymes in GI
what are the three segments of the small intestine and their functions?
- duodenum - bile + juice from pancreas absorb nutrients
- Jejunum - absorbs sugars, Amino Acids, and fatty acids
- ileum - absorbs any remaining nutrients and B12 specifically
what are the two functions of the liver
1.filter blood
2. bile release
what is the function of the gizzard
break down food in birds
what is digested in the rumen
soluble sugars and starch
describe rumination
chewing cud
if you look at the inside of the reticulum what is the most distinguishing feature?
honey comb
which compartment of the stomach compartment is called the butcher’s bible? Why is it called this?
omasum because of all of its folds that break down food
what is the true stomach compartment of the ruminant called?
abomasum
what are two advantages of ruminant digestion
- rumen microbes used as protein
- breaks down food more and easier
what is a disadvantage of ruminant digestion
slow digestion of poor forages
What is the pseudo ruminant that we talked about in class
hippo
which animal is a colon fermenter
horse
describe how feed is processed through ruminant animal mouth to rectum
mouth, rumen, back to mouth(cud), rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, small intestine, large intestine, rectum
What is body maintenance
no gain or loss. maintain body state
maintenance functions have first priority for nutrients. what are the maintenance functions?
- water balance
- body repair
- body temp regulation
- organ function
approximately what % of feed is used to fill maintenance requirement
about 50%
if a steer weighs 1000 pounds how much would you have to feed to maintain the steer
25.5 pounds. 500 x 3% = 15 x 1.7 = 25.5
when considering growth, what has to be fed to promote muscle growth?
protein
minerals are needed for proper bone growth, what 2 minerals are needed and their sources?
- Calcium - legumes
- Phosphorus - grains
why is iodine needed for growth
to prevent goiter
why is selenium needed for growth
white muscle disease
why is vitamin D needed for growth
Bone Growth
What is fattening?
storing excess energy in fat
how much energy is needed to produce a pound of fat versus muscle
2.25 x as much energy
poorly fed or overly fat female may have trouble with
reproduction / lactation
when are nutrient requirements the greatest in fetal growth
last trimester
why is the need for protein greater when the animal is lactating
milk is high in protein
all proteins are composed of a substance called
amino acids
amino acids can either be ______ or ________
essential; nonessential
which amino acids must be provided in an animals diet
essential
all amino acids contain this substance and all proteins contain this too
nitrogen
what are two sources of protein found in plants
- soybean meal
- alfalfa hay
what is composed of simple sugars such as glucose
carbohydrates
what are fats that are usually of animal origin
lard
which minerals are required in large quantities
macrominerals
which minerals are required in small quantities
microminerals
which vitamin can be synthesized if animals are exposed to sunlight
vitamin D
vitamins are classified into two groups, what are they
- fat soluble
- water soluble
all animals require energy, what it is used for
locomotion and themroregulation
what two things provide the most energy in a feed
- carbohydrates
- fats
because we cannot accurately determine the nutrient composition of feed what must we use?
approximate analysis
what is digestibility of feed?
amount of nutrients absorbed in digestive tract
what is Net Energy
energy in feed - energy in feces = net energy
what is metabolizable energy
energy in feed - urine and feces
what are roughages
high fiber - low energy
hay, alfalfa
what are concentrates
high energy - low fiber
soybean meal, cottonseed hulls
