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Animal Science 2 > Exam 3 Bio > Flashcards

Exam 3 Bio Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how many bones in the body

A

206

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2
Q

what is bones primary purpose

A

structure and protection

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3
Q

what is the difference between compact and spongy bones

A

spongy - very porous
compact - hard and non-porous

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4
Q

what are the three types of cartilages and characteristics

A
  1. hyaline - commonest, trachea
  2. fibrous - discs between vertebrae
  3. elastic - flexible, ear lobe
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5
Q

what are the five joints

A
  1. ball and socket into concave sic - hip and shoulder
  2. hinge - spool-shaped - elbow, knee
  3. pivot - rotation movement atlas - axis
  4. fibrous - between skull bones (suture)
  5. cartilaginous - between vertebral disc
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6
Q

what does ossification mean

A

gradual hardening of bones

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7
Q

is bone a living tissue

A

yes, it is constantly growing

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8
Q

can you tell the sex and approximate age from skeletal remains

A

yes
sex by the pelvic bones will be wider for women
age by shape and tissue

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9
Q

what is the purpose of the atlas and the axis

A

atlas rotates on axis

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10
Q

What are the functions and characteristics of the skin?

A

Functions: senses, waterproof, protection
Characteristics: weighs about 6 pounds, elastic, waterproof

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11
Q

is the skin a non-selective or selective excretory organ?

A

non-selective

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12
Q

how does the skin aid in body temperature?

A

Vasoconstriction: cold shrink
Vasodilation: heat spread/stretch

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13
Q

know the characteristics of the epidermis and dermis

A

epidermis: outer layer, five layers, keratinization(flattening cells)
dermis: inner layer, vessels, glands and nerves, fingerprints

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14
Q

What are melanocytes?

A

cells in pigmentation

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15
Q

what are chromatophores

A

holds color or dye (tattoos)

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16
Q

which layer of skin does mitosis occur?

A

epidermis

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17
Q

what is keratinization?

A

the flattening and drying of cells closer to the outer layer of the skin

18
Q

what is the role of eliedin in the keratinization process

A

to be a protective skin oil

19
Q

what does ‘epidermal derivative’ mean as it relates to nails and hair

A

they continue to grow

20
Q

what is the difference between determinant and indeterminant hair?

A

determinant: grows to certain length then stops(body hair)
indeterminant: grows indefinitely (hair on head)

21
Q

what are the three types of nerve endings and what do they sense?

A
  1. Bare/naked - sense pain, and temperature
  2. Meisserners corpuscles - deep touch
  3. Pacinian corpuscles - pressure receptors
22
Q

What is the difference between first, second and third degree burns?

A
  1. First degree: epidermis only, death if over 2/3 of body
  2. second degree: into but not through the dermis
  3. Third degree: epidermis and dermis destroyed, into underlying tissue
23
Q

what are the two dangers burn victims face?

A
  1. loss of water - plasma protein
  2. bacteria infection and loss of blood circulation
24
Q

What is the difference between somatic and autonomic nerve tracts?

A

Somatic: away from skin, receives signals from skin and passes them to CNS
Autonomic: to skin, from CNS to the skin

25
Q

What is the difference between Holocrine and Apocrine Glands?

A

Holocrine: They bud, burst, and are destroyed. secrete oil
Apocrine: Release sweat and lactation and do not get destroyed

26
Q

what is the difference between synergism and antagonism?

A

antagonism: generally has two muscles that work in opposition to one another. (flexor and extensor)(straightening arm)
synergism: small muscles that modify the movement of larger muscles(picking up a pebble)

27
Q

Characteristics of Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle.

A

Skeletal: attached to the bone, voluntary, conscious control
Smooth: involuntary, no conscious awareness, makes up hollow organs, lining of blood vessels
Cardiac: muscle of the heart

28
Q

What are some differences between smooth and skeletal muscle?

A

Skeletal: contracts in response to stimuli from the EXTERNAL environment, single innervation, rapid contractions
Smooth: contracts in response to stimuli from the INTERNAL environment, double innervation, slow and drawn out contractions

29
Q

what is ‘tone’ and how does the stretch affect smooth muscle

A

tone: smooth muscle is always in a state of partial contraction.
it increases its contractions in response to stretch

30
Q

what is the role of acetylcholine

A

it is a neurotransmitter that changes the membrane of the muscles so they are permeable to sodium

31
Q

what is the role of sodium ions

A

in the depolarization process they go into the muscle and they reduce the difference to 0

32
Q

what is the role of cholinesterase

A

it destroys Ach to restore polarity

33
Q

what is the difference between the absolute refractory period and the relative refractory period?

A

Absolute: no additional stimulation and can produce a twitch
Relative: strong stimulus will initiate another contraction

34
Q

why is it impossible to fatigue smooth muscle?

A

cant fatigue them because they have a very long refractory period

35
Q

how do curare, an ACH imitator, and a cholinesterase blocker affect the myoneural junction

A

they both act as blockers. curare inactivates Ach so no impulse is generated.

36
Q

what is the role of Ca++ in the sarcomere?

A

the role of Ca++ in sarcomere is to provide anaerobic energy

37
Q

what is the role of Ca++ in the t tube

A

the t tube gets impulses and the after they relax they pull in Ca++

38
Q

what role does Ca++ have with ATP

A

the ATP is needed to pull Ca++ back to muscle stays contracted

39
Q

to what percentage of relaxed length can a skeletal muscle maximally contract?

A

70% of its length

40
Q

what is the muscle spindle (golgi tendon structure)? and what is its purpose?

A

it is used to prevent muscles from tearing loose. it comes from the CNS (baby learning to walk and dropping down the first few times is that)

Animal Science 2 (2 decks)

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