OM Test 2 Flashcards
hard technology
hardware-equipment and devices
soft technology
software-application of internet, computer software and info systems
Computer-integrated manufacturing systems
automating and controlling production activities
numerical control
machine that controls the movements of a tool to make complex shapes
RFID
knowing where inventory is
lights out manufacturing
factories running overnight with no one there
CAD/CAE
enables engineers to simulate products before they exist
CAM
Computer control of the manufacturing process
Flexible manufacturing systems (FMS)
2+ computer computer-controlled machines linked
return facilitators
handle when a customer is not satisfied with a product
enterprise resource planning
systems that integrate a business into an info system (focus: POs, invoices)
business analytics
integrating and analyzing data throughout the value chain with an info system
Customer relationship management
info system that looks at the market and customers
sociotechnical system
synthesis of technology, people and processes
scalability
measure of the contribution margin required to deliver a good as the business grows and volumes increase
key info systems that drive value chain management
- customer relationship management
- enterprise resource planning
Steps in designing goods and services
1) mission, vision
2) market analysis
3) CBP design
4) detailed design
5) market introduction
6) market evaluation
quality function deployment
putting the customer voice into errthing
nominal
a specified target dimension on a design blueprint
tolerance
range of permissible variation
taguchi loss function
l(x)=k(x-t)2
parts of taguchi loss funtion
l(x)= monetary loss
x+actual value of the dimension
k=constant that translates the deviation into dollars
reliability
probability that goods live up to promise (value between 0 and 1)
series system
if one component fails, the entire system fails
reliability of a series system
product of all the possibilities of each process in a system
parallel systems
functions are independent, system will only fail if all components fail
manufacturability
designing a product for efficient production at the highest level of quality
service delivery system design
facility location, layout, servicescape, process and job design, tech and info support systems
servicescape
physical evidence that customer can use to form an impression
service process design
activity of developing an efficient process to satisfy internal and external customer requirements
customer contact
physical or virtual presence of the customer in the service delivery system during a service experience (percentage compared to overall time)
steps to something being viable
1) scientific
2) mainstream
3) financially
types of processes
projects, job shop, flow shop, continuous flow
projects
large-scale, customized initiatives that consist of smaller tasks and activities that must be coordinated
job shop
organized around particular types of general purpose equipment that are flexible and capable of customization
flow shop
organized around a fixed sequence of activities, like an assembly line
continuous flow
creates highly standardized goods or services 24/7 in high volumes
product life cycle
introduction, growth, maturity, decline and turnaround
the product-process matrix
alignment of process choice with the characteristics of the manufactured good
pathway
unique route through a service system
customer-routed services
offer customers freedom to select pathway
provider-routed service
limited number of predefined pathways that customers can follow
levels of process design
task-specific unit of work required to create an output
activity- group of tasks
processes- group of activities
value chain- network of processes
process map (flowchart)
sequence of all process activities and tasks necessary to create and deliver a desired output or outcome
value stream
value-added activities involved production
flowtime
amt of time taken to produce the product or fulfill the order
utilization=
resources used/resources available
demand rate/(service rate x numbers of servers)
throughput
parts per day, transactions per minute, etc
bottleneck
work activity that effectively limits throughput of the entire process
theory of constraints
bottleneck- if a specific dept can’t handle the demand, they are the bottleneck.
work in process=
throughput x flowtime
layout studies
minimize delays in materials handling and customer movement
types of layout patterns
product, process, cellular, fixed-position
product layout
arrangement based on the sequence of operations that is performed during manufacturing of a good
product layout advantages and disadvantages
adv: high output rates, lower WIP inventories, less material handling, simple
Dis: breakdown in one place can shut errthing down, lmtd flexibility
product layout shape
u-shape and straight line is common
process layout
functional grouping of equipment or activities that do similar work
- provide flexibility
- require lower investment in equipment
- same equipment can produce different things
cellular layout
self-contained groups of equipment needed for producing a particular set of goods or services
Advantages- quick quality response, efficient use of floor space, more worker responsibility
fixed position layout
brings the stuff to the product (like a plane)
flow-blocking
bottlenecking
lack of work
when one stage completes work and there is nothing else for them to work on
assembly line balancing
attempt to group tasks among workstations
theory of constraints: what causes the slow down?
machine, man, method (layout), material
buffer inventory
WIP inventory
value added to WIP goods
labor and energy
cycle time
the start of 1 product to the start of the next
Cycle time=
CT=A/R
A=available time to produce the output
R=output (demand forecasts)
If the required cycle time is smaller than the larger task time
the content must be split
total time available
total time available=number of work stations x cycle time
total idle time
total idle time=n x CT -ET
minimum number of workstations required
min # of workstations required = sum of task times/CT
assembly line effeciency
assembly line efficiency= ET/(N x CT)
balance delay
balance delay= 1-assembly line effeciency
what do all these letters mean?
N=number of workstations
CT=cycle time
ET=Sum of task times
heuristics
decision rules
job enlargement
horizontal expansion of the job to give the worker more variety
job enrichment
vertical expansion of job duties to give the worker more responsibility
(using teams is ex.)
supply chain
coordinates the flow of materials, services, and info among supply chain to maximize customer value
supply chain management
management of all activities that facilitate the fulfillment of a customer order for manufactured goods
Supply Chain Operations Reference Model (SCOR)
framework for understanding the scope of SCM
contract manufacturer
outsourcing: firm that specializes in certain types of goods-producing activities
third-party logistics (3PL) provider
provide integrated services to a company (in theory, they create efficiency)
efficient supply chain
low-cost: minimizes inventory and maximizes efficiency
responsive supply chain
high service: flexibility
push system
runs in advance of demand, uses forecast sales and stores finish goods inventory
pull system
low-cost, low-service, produces only what is needed in queues (ex, handmade stuff)
postponement
process of delaying product customization until the end of the supply chain
sustainable supply chains
reduce costs while helping the environment
green sustainable supply chain
the process of using environmentally friendly inputs
manufactured good recovery, reverse logistics
managing the flow of finished goods, materials or components that can be discarded
location decisions in value chains
where is it cheaper? (also consider employee demands)
what is important in managing supply chains
global sourcing, transportation services
vendor managed inventory
all the inventory you keep that doesn’t directly go into the product you’re making (like office supplies)
