Oliguria and AKI Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common composition of kidney stones

A

Calcium oxalate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Give some of the compositions of kidney stones

A

Calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, struvite, uric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are staghorn kidney stones

A

Stones which fill numerous major and minor calices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What size diameter of kidney stones have a 95% chance of being passed

A

5 mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the risk factors of kidney stones

A

Middle aged
Caucasian/Indian
Male
Diet high in meat and salt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How will patients present with kidney stones

A

Renal colic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the management options for renal stones

A

Conservative - let the stone pass on its own
Non-invasive - fragment the stone
Invasive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How can kidney stones cause pyelonephritis

A

They block the flow of urine making the likelihood of an infection greater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name 2 inhibitors of kidney stone formation

A

GAGs

Tamm Horsfall protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What type of catheterisation may be done is there are problems

A

Supra-pubic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When might suprapubic catheterisation be carried out

A

Prostrate problems, clots, masses, prolapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are some causes of haematuria

A

Obstruction - bladder cancer, stone, inflammation, BPH
Sickle cell anaemia
Glomerular disease - IgA nephropathy, vasculitis, glomerulonephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How can haematuria be detected

A

Visibly

Non-visible by microscopy or dipstick test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the difference in presentation of acute and chronic urinary retention

A
Acute = Painful 
Chronic = not painful
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the consequences of acute urinary retention

A

There is a high pressure system causing urine to back up to the kidneys causing a change in the medullary concentration gradient leading to renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the acute male causes of urinary retention

A

BPH, prostrate cancer, structure, prostrate infection

17
Q

What are the acute female causes of urinary retention

A

Prolapse, pelvic mass, Botox treatment from stress urinary incontinence

18
Q

What is DSD

A

Detrouser-sphincter dysynergia

This is where the bladder contracts but the sphincter doesnt relax

19
Q

what is acute kidney injury

A

a decline in the GFR over a shot period of time giving a rise in serum creatinine

20
Q

what are the 3 types of AKI

A

pre renal
intrinsic
post renal

21
Q

what is pre renal AKI

A

where there is a reduction in the perfusion of the kidneys

22
Q

what are the causes of pre Rena AKI

A

hypovolemia, cardiac failure, renal artery stenosis, tutors, stones, drugs

23
Q

what are the afferent/efferent arterioles like in pre renal AKI

A

the afferent vasodilates and the efferent vasoconstrictions in order to try and increase the GFR

24
Q

what drugs affect the vasoconstriction/dilations of the arterioles

A

NSAIDS inhibit vasoconstriction

ACE inhibitors inhibit vasodilation

25
what is the treatment for pre renal AKI
fluid resuscitation can reverse this as there is no cell injury
26
what is intrinsic AKI
where there is acute tubular necrosis in the kidney
27
what part of the nephron is most affected in intrinsic AKI
most metabolically active areas - PCT and ascending loop of henle
28
what causes intrinsic AKI
sepsis nephrotoxins ischaemia
29
what is rhabdomyolysis and how does it cause AKI
muscle necrosis causing the release of myoglobin - this toxic to tubule cells when filtered in the nephron causing intrinsic AKI
30
what is post renal AKI
where there is an obstruction to urinary flow after the urine has left the tubules