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MCAT PSYCHOLOGY > Olfaction and Gustations > Flashcards

Olfaction and Gustations Flashcards

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1
Q

Olfactory epithelium cells sensitive to the same molecule _____ in the olfactory bulb. What does this cause?

A

1) synapse
2) Causes an action potential to fire (to one specific location) from all epithelium cells sensitive to the molecule

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2
Q

What is the purpose of the accessory olfactory epithelium?

A

1) sends extensions to accessory olfactory bulb (which then sends signals to the brain)

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3
Q

What is the amygdala involved in?

A

1) emotional reactions (mating/aggression)
2) decision making
3) memory

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4
Q

What happens when the receptors on the basal and apical cells in the vomeronasal system are activated?

A

1) Basal cell sends an axon to:
a) accessory olfactory epithelium
b) accessory olfactory bulb
c) Glomerulus
d) mitral/tufted cell – which eventually goes to the amygdala of the brain

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5
Q

Where is the vomeronasal nasal system located?

A

Accessory olfactory epithelium

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6
Q

What sits right about the cribiform plate and what it its purpose?

A

1) Olfactory bulb (actually an extension of the brain that sits right on top of cribiform plate)
2) Bundle of cranial nerves that exits the brain
3) Sends projecection through the cribiform plate into olfactory epithelium cells

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7
Q

What is on the end of each epithelium cell and what is its purpose?

A

1) Receptors
2) Each receptors on each olfactory epithelium cell are sensitive to 1 type of molecule
3) These specific molecules bind to their respective receptor

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8
Q

Described the vomeronasal system.

A

1) Has basal and apical cells
2) The tips of the basal and apical cells have receptors (sensitive to different pheromones)

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9
Q

The region where all olfactory epithelium cells sensitive to the same molecule synapse and join together.

A

Glomerulus

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10
Q

Pheromones are specialized ________ cells.

A

specialized

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11
Q

What is the cribiform plate and what is its purpose?

A

1) Bone with small holes b/t olfactory epithelium and brain
2) allows olfactory sensory to send projections (nerves) to the brain

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12
Q

specialized part of the olfactory epithelium

A

accessory olfactory epithelium

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13
Q

What separates the brain and olfactory epithelium?

A

Cribiform Plate

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14
Q

Pheromones cause a ________ response in animals by sending signals to the ________.

A

1) behavioral
2) Amygdala

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15
Q

What is the next destination where the glomerulus synapses? Purpose?

A

1) Mitral/Tufted cell
2) Project to the brain Makes it easier from one cell to send projection to the brain than thousands of cells.

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16
Q

Is signal transduction different in the accessory olfactory epithelium than the regular olfactory epithelium?

A

No (pathway is the exact same with GPCR)

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17
Q

What is used in conjunction with olfaction?

A

Sense of taste

These work together to get maximum senses for both. I.e. when you nose is stuffy and you get sick, you can’t taste as well because they work together – because molecules that enter the mouth travel up the nose so that you can use both senses to get a better sense of taste)

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18
Q

Olfactory sensory cells

A

olfactory epithelium

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19
Q

chemical signal release my one member of a species and sensed by another member of that species, which triggers an innate response.

A

Pheromones

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20
Q

How do molecules bind to olfactory receptor and trigger and AP?

(Describe the scene)

A

1) Binds to GPCR Receptor (in membrane of olfactory sensory(olfactory epithelium) cell)
2) G protein on receptor breaks away
3) G-protein binds to an ion channel
4) Positive charge flows into cell, leads to depolarization
5) AP goes through cribifom and eventually ends up at mitral /tufted cell, which sends a synapse to the brain

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21
Q

What is a GPCR?

A

G-Protein coupled receptor

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22
Q

Humans have _________ organ, but no _________ olfactory bulb. What is a result of this?

A

1) vomeronasal
2) accessory
3) We rely very little on hormones

23
Q

What happens when a molecule binds to its specific receptor

A

1) Cell fires an action potential that extends up into the olfactory bulb
2) All cells that are synapsed at the same glomerulus (that are sensitive to the same molecule) are activated
3) This triggers all of those cells (sensitive to the same molecule) to fire an AP to the glomerulus
3) The mitral/tufted cells (the connection point to the brain) is activated and sends signals directly to the brain

(Efficient so that one projection for the same molecule can be sent to the brain rather than thousands of projections for that same molecule)

24
Q

What are three reasons a pheromone can be important for in animals/insects?

A

1) Chemical communication
2) Mating
3) Fighting

25
Q

Belonging to or occurring on the same side of the body.

A

Ipsilateral

26
Q

What are examples of ipsilateral sense?

A

1) Olfaction
2) Gustation

27
Q

Relating to or denoting the side of the body opposite to that on which a particular structure or condition occurs.

A

Contralateral

28
Q

What are examples of contralateral senses?

A

1) Vision
2) Hearing
3) Touch

29
Q

Labeled line theory

A

Each receptor responds to a specific stimuli and is directly linked to the brain (“one line”)

(i.e. taste cells (one for each taste) has an axon that goes straight to the brain)

30
Q

Vibrational Theory

A

1) Olfaction theory
2) a moelcule’s vibrational frequency gives that molecule a specific odor profile

31
Q

Theory that odor fits into receptors similiar to a “lock and key”

A

Steric (Shape theory)

32
Q

Inability to perceive oder

A

Anosmia (aNOSEmisa)

33
Q

Describe the pathway for olfaction.

A

1) Olfactory bulb
2) Amygdala
3) Piriform Cortex
4) Orbitofrontal cortex

34
Q

List 5 compounds we are able to taste.

A

1) Bitter
2) Salty
3) Sweet
4) Sour
5) Umami

35
Q

Umami

A

Ability to taste Glutamate

36
Q

What do our 5 tastes depend on?

A

A receptor (each has its own receptor)

37
Q

Gustatory System

A

Receptors in tatste buds

38
Q

What are taste buds inside of?

A

Papillae

39
Q

Where are taste buds most localized?

A

front of the tongue

40
Q

List the 3 types of taste buds. Where are each of them located?

A

1) Fungiform (Front)
2) Foliate (Side)
3) Circumvalate (Back)

41
Q

What is inside each taste bud?

A

5 receptors, each has a cell sensitive to a particular taste (5 total)

42
Q

Mushroom shaped taste buds

A

Fungiform

43
Q

Folded taste buds

A

Foliate

44
Q

Flat Mounded taste buds

A

Circumvallate

45
Q

Which three taste cells have a similiar receptor? What is the receptor?

A

1) Sweet
2) Umami
3) Bitter
4) GPCR (similiar to olfaction)

46
Q

What do the sour and salty cells rely on? How does this work?

A

Ion channels (Salty (NaCl); Sour (H+))

1) Molecule binds to ion receptor (Ligand gated ion channels)
2) Ion channel opens up
3) Positive ions flow in
4) Depolarization

47
Q

Where do the axons of each taste cell end up?

A

Gustatory Cortex (all synapse on diff part of the cortex)

48
Q

Located all over the tongue, but do not contain taste buds

A

Filliform Papillae

(Why the center of the tongue does not cause taste sensation and the back and perimeters do)

49
Q

Substance that stimulates sense of taste

A

Tastant

50
Q

Protein associated with sensation of taste

A

Gustducin

51
Q

Where do taste buds NOT synapse and where does intergration first occur?

A

1) Thalmus
2) Orbitofrontal cortex

52
Q

Where do front 2/3rds of taste buds and their cells carry signals to?

A

7th cranial nerve (via chorda tympani)

53
Q

Where do back 1/3 of taste buds and their cells carry signals to?

A

9th and 10th cranial nerves (via glosspharyngeal and vagus)

MCAT PSYCHOLOGY (7 decks)

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