Consciousness

Question 1

awareness of self and our environment

Answer 1

consciousness

Question 2

What are the different levels of consciousness?

Answer 2

1) Alertness (awake and aware of who you are and you’re environment)
2) Daydream (relaxed, not as focused)
3) Drowsiness (right before/after sleep)
4) Sleep (state of unconsciousness, unaware)

Question 3

EEG

Answer 3

Electroencephalogram

Question 4

Purpose of an EEG

Answer 4

Measure brainwaves

Question 5

Oscilations in the brain at different frequencies

Answer 5

Brainwavesn (each associated with a different state of consciousness)

Question 6

List four types of brain waves?

Answer 6

1) Alpha
2) Beta
3) Delta
4) Theta

Question 7

Beta brainwaves

Answer 7

1) 12-30 hz (highest frequency)
2) assoc. with awakeness and alertness
3) If your awake for too long, Beta levels increase. This can cause stress, anxiety, and restlnessness (constant awakened alertness)

Question 8

Alpha Brainwaves

Answer 8

1) 8-13 hz
2) Assoc. with daydreaming
3) Lower frequency in brainwaves. Disappears in drowness, but reappears in deep sleep

Question 9

Delta Brain Waves

Answer 9

1) 4-7 hz
2) Drowsiness
3) right before you fall asleep, also w/ light sleeping

Question 10

Theta Brainwaves

Answer 10

1) 0.5-3 hz
2) Deep Sleepn or Coma

Question 11

During sleep, do you only experience one brainwave?

Answer 11

No, type of wave varies by stage.

Question 12

How many stages of sleep do we have and in what time intervals do they occur?

Answer 12

1) Four stages
2) 90 min. cycles

Question 13

N1 (Stage 1 of Sleep)

Answer 13

1) Predominantly Theta Waves
2) Characterized by
a) hypnagonic hallucincations (seeing things that are not there)
b) tetris effect (i.e. playing tetris before bed can cause you to see blocks during your sleep)
c) Hypnic Jerks (muscle twitches)

Question 14

N2 (Stage 2 of sleep)

Answer 14

1) Predominantly Theta Waves
2) People become harder to wake

Characterized by

a) Sleep Spindles: bursts of rapid brain activity (helps to inhibit certain perceptions to maintaint a tranquil states, i.e. sleeping through loud noises).
c) K-complex: supresses cortical arousal and keep you asleep, helps with sleep-based memory consolidation (memories being transferred to long-term memories)

Question 15

N3(Stage 3 of Sleep)

Answer 15

1) Predominantly Delta Waves
2) Deep sleep (difficult to wake up)
3) declarative memory consolidation (facts, data, events)
4) Sleep walking/talking

Question 16

REM Sleep

Answer 16

1) alpha, beta, and dyssynchronous waves
2) Rapid Eye Movement Stage (eyes move rapidly)
3) Most dreaming Occurs (awaking during this stage can allow you to remember dreams) – we also dream during NREM, but the dreams are not as memorable
4) Paralysation (to inhibit a person from acting out dreams)
5) Procedural memories

Question 17

Why is REM sleep known as “Paradoxical Sleep”

Answer 17

Brain seems active and awake, but your body is prevented from doing anything (even brain waves on EEG will make it look like you are awake, even though you are completely sleep)

Question 18

How many cycles do each of the four cycles occur during a night of uninnterupted sleep?

Answer 18

4-5 cycles each (90 mins a cycle)

Question 19

Order of stages of sleep

Answer 19

1) N1
2) N2
3) N3
4) N2
5) REM sleep
6) N1 (end of cycle)

Question 20

What is the length of each stage dependant on?

Answer 20

1) How long you’ve been asleep
2) Age

Question 21

More _____ sleep occurs during the first few hours and then ____ sleep occurs right when you are about to wake-up.

Answer 21

1) N3
2) REM

Question 22

Internal Biological Clock

Answer 22

1) Circadian Rhythm
2) cyclical stages of awakeness (and transitioning to sleep/sleepiness)

(changes as you age; i.e. younger people are night owls, older people go to bed and wake-up early)

Question 23

What are two examples of what our circadian rhythm controls?

Answer 23

1) Body Temperature
2) Sleep Cycle (prevent you from sleeping in)

Question 24

What controls circadian rhythms and where is it produced in the body?

Answer 24

1) Melatonin
2) Pineal Gland

Question 25

Is a big cue for our circadian rhythm (even if it is artificial)

Answer 25

Light

Question 26

Reason for why dreams can defy logic and don’t seem weird.

Answer 26

Decreased activity in the prefrontal cortex (which controls logic)

Question 27

Theories for why dreams occur

Answer 27

1) Freud Theory (unconscious thought and desires that need to be interpretted)
2) Evolutionary Biology (threat simulation (better prepared for real world), problem solving, no purpose)
3) Other
a) maintain brain flexibility (to help with creativity and learning when awake)
b) consolidate thoughts to long-term memory (i.e. those who learn and sleep retain more than those who don’t)
c) preserve and develop neural pathways (i.e. reason why babies are always sleep)

Question 28

Two important components of Freud’s Dream Theory

Answer 28

1) Manifest Content (what actually happens)
2) Laten Content (Hidden Meaning)

Question 29

Activation Synthesis Hypothesis (Freud’s Dream Theory)

Answer 29

1) Brainstem receives neural impulses = ACTIVATION
2) Frontal Cortex interprets that information - SYNTHESIS

Question 30

List 4 things sleep deprivation can cause.

Answer 30

1) Poor memory and irritability
2) More accidents
3) Obesity (body makes more cortisol and ghrelin (hunder hormone))
4) Increased risk of depression (REM sleeps helps to process emotions to protect against ddepression)

Question 31

How much sleep is enough?

Answer 31

7-8 hours for adults (more for babies)

Question 32

persistent trouble falling asleep or staying asleep

Answer 32

Insomnia

Question 33

Treatments for insomnia

Answer 33

1) Medication (although this can lead to tolerance and dependance)\
2) Phsychological Training
3) Lifestyle changes

Question 34

Condition where people cannot help themselves from falling asleep. Have spontaenous fits of sleepiness that occasionally lapses into REM sleep.

Answer 34

Narcolepsy

Question 35

Possible causes for narcolepsy

Answer 35

1) Genetics
2) absence of alertness neurotransmitter

(can be treated with neurochemical interventions)

Question 36

Stop breathing while sleeping – body realizes you’re not getting enough oxygen, wake up just long enough to gasp for air and fall back asleep without realizing.

Answer 36

Sleep Apnea (people are usually not awareness of this)

Question 37

People who have sleep apnea typically don’t get enough ________ sleep.

Answer 37

1) N3 (Deep sleep)

Question 38

What are indications a person may suffer from sleep apnea?

Answer 38

1) snoring
2) Fatigue after a full night’s rest

Question 39

Sleep walking/talking

Answer 39

1) N3 Sleep
2) Mostly genetic
3) Occur more often in children (partly because they have more N3 sleep than adults)

Question 40

Two types of induced consciousness.

Answer 40

1) Hypnosis
2) Meditation

Question 41

What does hypnotism entail?

Answer 41

1) Relaxtion
2) Focus on breathing
3) Person becomes more susceptible to suggestion
4) ONLY WITH CONSENT
5) Alpha waves (awake but relaxed state)

Question 42

What are two things hypnosis can help to do?

Answer 42

1) Retrieve Memories (dangerous because this could result in false memories – memories that incorporate hypnotizers expectations, even when not intended) – memories are malleable
2) Refocused attention (i.e. Control pain (inhibit pain to stimuli, only works if you think it will work)

Question 43

Two theories for how hypnotism works.

Answer 43

1) Dissociation Theory (form of divided consciousness)
2) Social Influence Theory (actors playing their roles - they do what’s expected of them)

Question 44

Self-regulation of attention and awareness.

Answer 44

Meditation (guided/focused or unfocused (mind wandering frequently))

Question 45

______ waves are experienced during light medication, while _______ waves are experienced during deeper medication.

Answer 45

1) Alpha
2) Theta (experts)

Question 46

Which three parts of the brain have increased activity after regularly practicing deep medication?

Answer 46

1) Pre-frontal Cortex
2) Hippocampus
3) Anterior Insula

This causes increased attention control.