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Physiology Exam 6 > Olfaction > Flashcards

Olfaction Flashcards

1
Q

CN __ = olfactory bulb

A

CN 1

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2
Q

Types of neurons which communicate between nasal cavity and olfactory bulb

A

Olfactory and vomeronasal sensory neurons (OSN and VSN)

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3
Q

4 functions of odorants

A
  1. Attraction toward food
  2. Judging edibility (appetition/averson)
  3. Aversion of poison
  4. Aversion of unhealthy environments
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4
Q

Pheromones are used to attract toward?

A
  1. Offspring
  2. Mother
  3. Sexual partners
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5
Q

Pheromones are used to detect?

A
  1. Social / genetic relation
  2. Territorial boundaries
  3. Impending dangers
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6
Q

Identification of odorants or pheromones requires?

A
  1. Isolation
  2. Identification
  3. Synthesis
  4. Confirmation of activity in bioassay
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7
Q

Macrosmatic spcies

A

Animals with keen sense of smell (most)

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8
Q

Microsmatic species

A

Animals with relatively poor sense of smell (primates/humans)

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9
Q

Anosmatic species

A

Animals with no sense of smell (dolphins)

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10
Q

Allomone

A

Substance released from one animal which carries message to animal of different species to benefit emitter

(ex: skunk)

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11
Q

Kairomone

A

Substance released from one species which benefits receiver

ex: fox feces scares mice

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12
Q

Signature odor

A

Species-specific combination of compounds which carry message

(ex: distinction between littermate and stranger)

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13
Q

Odorants are mainly detected where?

A

In main olfactory epithelium

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14
Q

Pheromones are mainly detected where?

A
  1. Vomeronasal organ
  2. Gruneberg’s ganglion
  3. Main olfactory epithelium
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15
Q

Receptors in main olfactory epithelium and septal organ

A
  1. OR
  2. TAAR
  3. FPR
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16
Q

Receptors in vomeronasal organ of Jacobson

A
  1. V1R
  2. V2R
  3. FPR
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17
Q

OR stands for?

A

Odorant receptor

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18
Q

TAAR stands for?

A

Trace amine-associated receptors

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19
Q

FPR stands for?

A

Formyl peptide receptors

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20
Q

VxR stands for?

A

Vomeronasal receptors class x

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21
Q

Receptors in Gruneberg’s ganglion

A
  1. V2R

2. TAAR

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22
Q

In rodents and horses, VNO (vomeronasal organ) connects to?

A

Nasal cavity

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23
Q

Main receptors in main olfactory bulb

A

OR (odorant receptors)

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24
Q

In carnivores and ungulates, VNO connects to?

A

Oral cavity via ductus incisivus

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25
Q

Sensory neurons are what shape?

A

Bipolar

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26
Q

Olfactory ensheathing cell aka?

A

Olfactory Schwann cell

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27
Q

Olfactory ensheathing cell is needed for?

A

Axon guidance during OSN regeneration

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28
Q

OSN turnover interval

A

40 days

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29
Q

OSN stands for?

A

Olfactory sensory neuron

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30
Q

What is an odorant?

A

Volatile chemical perceived to have an odor

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31
Q

Odor is strongly influenced by?

A
  1. Osmophores

2. Overall molecular shape

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32
Q

What are osmophores?

A

Polar functional groups which hangs on molecule

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33
Q

3 examples of osmophores which are found in spoiled foods

A
  1. Carboxyl
  2. Aldehyde
  3. Amino
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34
Q

Largest family of G-protein coupled receptors

A

Odorant receptors

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35
Q

OSN express how many type of receptors?

A

Only 1

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36
Q

Receptors can be what two types?

A

Specialists (some) and generalists (many)

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37
Q

Specialist receptors

A

High specificity and affinity for specific chemical

38
Q

Generalist receptors

A

Low specificity and affinity for specific chemical → detects overall form or specific features of chemical

39
Q

What strategy allows humans to distinguish so many odors with only 388 different receptors?

A

Combinatorial strategy

40
Q

Steps of odorant signal transudction

A 
Odorant →
Receptor →
Depolarization →
AP →
Nt release
41
Q

After the odorant activates the receptor, the activated receptor activates?

A

G(olf)-protein

42
Q

During olfactory transduction, activated alpha(olf)-subunit activates?

A

Adenylyl cyclase to generate cAMP from ATP

43
Q

During olfactory transduction, cAMP stimulates?

A

CNCG

44
Q

CNCG stands for?

A

Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel

45
Q

What is CNCG?

A

Non-selective channel which also conducts Ca

46
Q

During olfactory transduction, opening of CNCG channel causes?

A

Influx of Ca → depolarization of membrane potential

47
Q

Big idea of transduction

A

Chemical signal transduced into electrical signal

48
Q

During amplification, the elevated cytosolic [Ca] activates?

A

Cl- channel ANO2

49
Q

During amplification, opening of ANO2 channel causes?

A

Further depol. of membrane potential (amplification of initial depol.)

50
Q

During amplification, depol. of the membrane potential elicits?

A

APs via activation of VG Na and delayed-rectifier K channels

51
Q

What is the goal of amplification?

A

Make depol. levels sufficient to initiate vesicular nt release

52
Q

How is signaling termination initiated?

A

Elevated cytosolic [Ca] activated PDE

53
Q

PDE stands for?

A

Phospho-diesterase

54
Q

What does activated PDE do?

A

cAMP → AMP

55
Q

Removal of cAMP from cytosol has what effect?

A

Closes cAMP-activated CNGC

56
Q

How does alpha(olf)-subunit inactivate itself?

A

Hydrolyzes GTP to GDP

57
Q

NCKX stands for?

A

Na/K/Ca exchanger

58
Q

Function of NCKX

A

Remove Ca from cytosol to close ANO2 (Ca-activated Cl channel)

59
Q

VMO in mice has __ layer(s)

A

2 layers

60
Q

VMO in dogs and cows has __ layer(s)

A

1 layer

61
Q

Pheromone receptors are what type?

A

G-protein coupled receptors

62
Q

VSN express how many types of receptors?

A

Only 1

63
Q

Many receptors in VMO are specialists/generalists

A

Specialists

64
Q

What species has the best pheromone detection?

A

Mouse

65
Q

How is pheromone transduction initiated?

A

Pheromone activates receptor which activates G(i2/o)-protein to release beta-gamma-subunit

66
Q

During pheromone transduction, the beta-gamma-subunit activates?

A

PLC

67
Q

PLC stands for?

A

Phospholipase C

68
Q

Activated PLC generates?

A

Second messengers DAG and IP(3)

69
Q

During pheromone transduction, DAG stimulates?

A

TRPC2

70
Q

TRPC2 stands for?

A

Transient receptor potential C2 channel

71
Q

What is TRPC2?

A

Non-selective cation channel which also conducts Ca

72
Q

Opening of TRPC2 causes?

A

Influx of Ca and depol.

73
Q

Function of 5-alpha-androstenone (boarmate)

A

Tests gilts for heat

74
Q

Lee Boot effect

A

Changes estrus cycle in group-housed females

75
Q

Whitten effect

A

Synchronization of estrus in group-housed females

76
Q

Vandenbergh effect

A

Early first estrous cycle in pre-pubertal mice

77
Q

Bruce effect

A

Interruption of pregnancy ypon exposure to urine from strange male

78
Q

Alarm pheromone and kairomone effect

A

Freezing and cortisol release in mice

79
Q

OSN and VSN send their axon to?

A

1 glomerulus in main olfactory bulb

80
Q

Glomeruli receive input from?

A

1000 OSN or 100 VSN all expressing same receptor

81
Q

In glomeruli, OSN synapse to?

A

Mitral and tufted cells

82
Q

Vomeronasal organ connects to?

A

Limbic system for genetically pre-programmed responses

83
Q

Main olfactory epithelium connects to/

A

Primary olfactory cortex for adaptive, experience-based responses and odor recognition

84
Q

Odorants vs. pheromones

Typical ligand arrival rate:

A

O: 20 million / s

P: 2 /s

85
Q

Odorants vs. pheromones

Lifetime of ligand-receptor complex

A

O: brief

P: long

86
Q

Odorants vs. pheromones

Typical ligand-receptor affinity

A

O: low

P: brief

87
Q

__ receptor type(s) per OSN and VSN

Apparently this is important

A

Only 1! How important!

88
Q

Odorants vs. pheromones

Chance to activate G-protein

A

O: low

P: high

89
Q

Odorants vs. pheromones

G-protein

A

O: G(olf) a(olf) subunit

P: G(i2)/G(0) beta-gamma subunit

90
Q

Odorants vs. pheromones

Transduction

A

O: CNGC

P: TRPC2

91
Q

Odorants vs. pheromones

Amplification channel

A

Both use ANO2

92
Q

Odorants vs. pheromones

First synapse

A

Both with mitral and tufted cells in glomeruli of

OSN: main olfactory bulb

VNS: accessory olfactory bulb

Physiology Exam 6 (7 decks)

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