old stuff Flashcards
who was Leeuwenhoek
he is the first to study micro
what was Redi know for
he was the first to challenge spontaneous generation
what was needham know for
he boiled the broth only briefly and said spontaneous generation does exist
what was pasteur know for
he ended the spontaneous generation debate
what was Spellanzani know for
he said spontaneous generation does not exist
what was koch know for
he studied the cause of disease (ETIOLOGY)
what was Semmelweis know for
HANDWASHING
what was Lister know for
ANTISEPSIS
what was Nightingale know for
CLEANLINESS and other antiseptic
techniques into NURSING PRACTICE
what was Snow know for
father of EPIDEMIOLOGY
what was Jenner know for
IMMUNOLOGY (vaccination)
what was Ehrlich know for
CHEMOTHERAPY (magic bullet)
what are Koch’s postulates
1)Suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent from
healthy hosts
2) isolated and grown outside the host
3) ntroduced into a healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the disease
4) same agent must be found in the diseased experimental host
what is the germ theory of disease
discovery: bacteria responsible for spoiling wine +
Hypothesis: microbes responsible for diseases =
germ theory
who came up with the germ theory
pasture
what are the processes of life
growth
reproduction
responsiveness
metabolism
what do Prokaryotes have
Lack nucleus
Lack internal membrane -bound organelles
circular DNA
simple structure
what so Eukaryotes have
have nucleus
have membrane-bound organelles
linear DNA
complex structure
what are the passive processes of crossing the membrane
diffusion
facilitated diffusion
osmosis
what are the active processes of crossing the membrane
active transport
group translocation
what will a hypertonic solution do to cell
it will shrink the cell
what is it call when the water leaves a cell in a hypertonic solution
crenation
what will a hypotonic solution do to a cell
it will have water enter the cell
what is the definition for Resolution
the shortest distance between two
points on a specimen that can still
be distinguished by the observer as
separate entities
what is the definition for Contrast
Differences in intensity between
two objects, or between an object
and background
what are the steps for gram staining procedure
1) crystal violet result all cell are purple
2) iodine result iodine acts as a mordant
3) ethanol and acetone result gram-positive still purple
4) safranin result (gram +) purple and (gram -) red
what do Mycobacteria have in there walls and what stain do you use on it
waxy mycolic acid content
acid fast stain
what are the key points for gram + cells
thick peptidoglcan, purple
what are the key points for gram - cells
outer membrane, thin peptidoglycan, Lipid A
what color does a acid fast stain turn and what cells are those colors
red (acid - fast cells) and blue (non-acid-fast-cells)
what color does a endospore stain turn and what cells are those colors
green (endospores) and red (vegetative cells)
so mycoplasma cells have cell walls
no
what are the 3 domains
bacteria
archaea
eukarya
what is eukarya broken down to
fungi protista algae animalia plantae
what is Psychrophilic
prefer cold temp
what is mesophilic
prefer moderate temp ( body temp)
what is thermophilic
prefer high temps
what does a f plasmid do
carry instuction for conjugation
what does R plasmid do
carry genes for resistance to antibiotics
what does bacteriocin factor do
it can kill its competitors
what does virulence plasmids do
carry instruction that enable bacterium to become a pathogen
what is Transformation
Recipient cell takes up DNA from environment
what is Transduction
Transfer of DNA from one cell to another via a replicating virus
what is Conjugation
Transfer of DNA from one cell to another, mediated by conjugation pili
what is the shape of Coccus
spear
what is the shape of Bacillus
rod
what is the shape of Vibrio
a comma shape “ ‘ “
what is the shape of Spirillum
cork screw
what is the shape of Pleomorphic
dont have just one shape
what can be endospores
has to be Bacillus ________ or Clostridium _______ or it cant turn into an Endospores
gram( + ) bacteria will end in what
“us” or “um”
gram (- ) bacteria will end in what
” a “ or “er”
what are the exceptions to the gram (+) rule
Listeria (food poisoning)
Nocardia (lung abscesses)
Actinomyces (lumpy jaw)
Streptomyces (important source of antibiotics)
what are the exceptions to the gram (-) rule
Pseudomonas (pneumonia, burn infections)
Proteus (UTIs)
Haemophilus (meningitis in children)
Bacteroides (associated with appendicitis)
what is a virion
Characteristics of Viruses out side of a cell
what is a capsid
Protein coat surrounding a nucleic acid core
what is an envelope,
Outer structure that encloses the nucleocapsids of some viruses
what is the most common shape of a virus
Polyhedral (icosahedron ( 20 sides))
what is a bacteriophage
A bacteriophage is a virus that infects and replicates within bacteria
what is Lytic replication
Replication cycle usually results in death and lysis of host cell
what is Lysogeny
Infected host cells grow and reproduce normally forgenerations before they lyse
what is lysogenic conversion
Can turn bacterium from harmless to pathogen
what is a Viroids
Extremely small,
circular pieces of RNAthat lack capsids``
what do viroids infect
Infectious and
pathogenic in plants
what are Viroid like Agents
Infectious, pathogenic RNA particles that lack capsids
what so Viroid like agents infect
Do NOT infect plants— infect fungi
what are Prions
Proteinaceous infectious agents, lack nucleic acid
what are the steps for Water treatment
1) Coagulation and flocculation
2) Sedimentation
3) filtration
4) Disinfection
what is used in Coagulation step
Alum
what is used in the filtration stage
sand
charcoal
membrane filtration
what is used in the disinfection stage
chlorine
Ozone
UV light
what are the Category A
small pox anthrax plague botulism tularemia viral hemorrhagic fever
