Old stuarts combined Flashcards
When was the Book of orders?
1631 - a set of administrative guidelines designed to improve the efficiency of local government in England.
When was Wentworth appointed deputy of Ireland?
1632
When was Laud made Archbishop of Cantbury
1633
When was St Gregorys case?
1633
When was Charles first visit to Scotland
1633 - crowned - announces prayer book.
When did Charles reintroduce forest courts?1
1635
When did Charles reintroduce the Book of Sports?
1633
When was Charles extension of Ship Money at a national rate?
1635
When was the new Laudian prayer book introduced to Scotland?
1637 - Charles imposed this without any consultation with the Scottish Kirk or Parliament
When does Charles impose new church laws on Scotland
1636 - a further escalation of James’ 5 articles of Perth
When did the Scots Covanents form?
1638 - manifesto abolished Laudiansim
When was the outbreak of the first Scottish riots as first book is read out
1637
When was the Trial of Prynne, Burton and Bastwick +++ Bishop John Lilburne imprisoned for his book
1637 - built oppositon to Laudinism - The three men were found guilty of criticising Laud’s measures. They were each fined £5000 and imprisoned for life.
Lilburne imprisoned for his book - whipped in public
When was the Hampden Case?
1637 - 1638 — Charles took Hampden to court for his refusal to pay ship money, hoping Hampden’s case would make the point to all that Charles’ authority should be obeyed. He won 7 -5 but it was a political loss and built opposition up against him.
Second Bishops war?
1640 - Scots take newcastle - Charles signed treaty of Ripon- paid Scots £850 per day — forced him to recall parliament.
First bishops war?
1639- ends with Truce of Berwick after Charles didnt want to recall parliament for funds.
When was the trial and execution of Wentworth after Bill of Attainder passed?
1641
Root and Branch petition
signed by 15,000 londoners in opposition of Charles.
When was the Irish rebellion?
1641 - 3000 killed in Ulster after Wentworth leaves to help Charles
When was the Grand Remonstrance?
1641 -
The Grand Remonstrance was a list of over 200 criticisms of Charles’ government since 1625, which showed why he could not be trusted with the control of the army that was needed to crush the Irish rebellion.
When was the trinneal act?
1641 - abolished kings use of ship money
When was the Milita bill?
1642 - The militia bill forced MPs to take sides on who should command the army. It essentially proposed that Parliament would be in control of the army raised to crush the Irish rebellion. after it was passed the army was raised from ship money.
What was the 5 members coup?
1642 - failed attempt of charles to arrest 5 of his top critics including Pym - it outraged parliament and the London public. Pym used the coup as further proof of the danger Charles posed and that king could not be negotiated with.
When was the first civil war?
1642 - 1646
The Solemn League and Covanent vs Royalists
Big loss was Battle of Marston Moor (1644) and Naseby (1645)
When was Politicalization of the New Model Army.
1646 - the army became increasingly radical after the First Civil War, fearing that Parliament (dominated by Presbyterians) would disband it without addressing soldiers’ grievances over pay (owed £3 million by parliament).
At this point, the NMA had control over Charles and Cromwell showed his desire for an essentially moderate settlement with him (heads of proposal). This brought division in the army itself. However, Charles escaped Hampton Court in 1647 and started negotiations with the Scots, the NMA reunited at this event.
When was Self Denying Ordinance passed?
1645 - meant bar Cromwell - MPs couldn’t hold roles in the army. - NMA formed.
Newcastle Propositions
1646 - after Charles surrended to Scots they proposed terms of defeat - including Presbterian church in England. Charles refused and was handed back to Parliament. Charles could return as monarch…
When was the engagement?
1647 - after Charles escaped Hampton Court he secretly negotiated with the Scots - essentially agreed to the newcastle propositions and the Scots invaded england on behalf of Charles in 1648.
When were the Putney debates?
1647 - The debates ended with no consensus, and the Levellers’ radical proposals were rejected by the NMA leaders.
When was the Start and End of the Second Civil War?
1648
When was the Windsor Prayer meeting?
1648 - The Windsor Prayer Meeting of October 1648 was a pivotal moment in the New Model Army’s radicalization, where army leaders and soldiers gathered to discuss the army’s political and religious direction, as well as its stance on King Charles I and Parliament.
The 5 monarchist leader Thomas harrison declared Charles as the “man of blood”
When was Cromwells invasion of Ireland
1649 - returned in 1650 to invade scotland after Charles II.
When was Prides purge?
1648 forming the rump - In February 1649, the Rump voted to abolish monarchy and the apparatus of monarchial government creating a republi
When did James become King of England?
1603
When was the Millernary petition presented to James
1603
Puritan request of further reformation like abolition of cross
When was the Hampton Court Conference?
1604 - meeting to discuss millernary petition. James firmly asserted he would maintain royal authority over church. He announced King James Bible here.
Bancroft becomes Archbishop of Canterbury
1604 - Bancrofts canons created which upheld non puritan practices - angered them.
Treaty of London ends war with Spain?
1604
Gunpowder plot?
1605 - The plot strengthened James I’s authority by portraying him as divinely protected and deepened anti-Catholic sentiment
Oath of allegiance?
1606 - After the Gunpowder Plot, King James could have seriously repressed the Catholics in England - this would have pleased parliament. However, he took a more “rex pacificus” route and instead required Catholics to swear allegiance to the King over the Pope. It did not demand complete renunciation of Catholic beliefs and was targeted at loyalty rather than religious persecution.
Failure of James to unify England and Scotland
1606 - He proposed a new currency called “unite” both English MPs resisted fearing it would weaken English law and institution and Scots feared losing identity.
Cecil appointed Lord Treasurer
1608 - Crown was in £600,000 debt, Cecil sought to pursue fiscal surplus and capitalise on Bates Case.
Bates Case?
1606 - This was a legal dispute that reinforced James I’s power to impose impositions (custom duties) without Parliament’s consent when courts ruled in his favour over a merchant (Bates).
Book of bounty?
1608 - Drafted by Cecil it aimed to curb royal genoristy and control crown land grants instead encouraging the king to reward supporters with titles or monopolies instead of land (things that wouldn’t be as damaging to long term crown income), however this failed).
James I bible -
1611 - By commissioning the translation, James reinforced his image as a protector of Protestantism and solidified his divine authority
New book of Rates?
1608 - The new book of rates was created by Cecil and capitalised on the ruling of the Bates case in 1606 it created a new list of 1400 items which the king could levy tax on.
Great contract?
1610 - The plan was intended to provide stable income for the Crown while reducing dependence on parliamentary subsidies. However, the proposal failed due to opposition from both Parliament, who felt they were giving up too much control, and from James I, who was unwilling to relinquish certain powers. The failure of the Great Contract left James with ongoing financial difficulties and further strained relations between the Crown and Parliament. At the same time - MPs were clashing over the king with impositions from the New book of Rates
When was James first parliament?
1603 - 1610 — dissolved by James after the failure of the Great contract.
Abbot becomes Archbishop of Canterbury
1611 - A Calvinist, he was known for his strong Protestant beliefs and anti-Catholic stance, but he had a sense of Puritan instinct. Unlike his predecessor Richard Bancroft, Abbot was more lenient toward Puritans, which created tensions with the more moderate Anglican clergy
When does James start selling Barontocracies to help his finance problem,
1611 - £1,095
When does Prince Henry die
1612
When does Elizabeth and Frederick V marry?
1613 - Elizabeth’s marriage to Frederick V, who later became the King of Bohemia in 1619, set the stage for the Thirty Years’ War, as Frederick’s acceptance of the Bohemian crown sparked conflict with Catholic powers in Europe
When did James second parliament start and end?
1614 - Addled parliament - clashed over impositions / import duties. - cecil was dead - howard faction (catholics in parliament) Robert Carr (favourite) and spanish marriage.
Cockayne Project
1614 - 1617
The Cockayne Project (1614-1617) was an attempt by Sir Paul Cockayne, supported by James I, to establish a domestic woolen cloth industry in England by requiring the processing of wool in England before export. The goal was to boost the economy, create jobs, and increase tax revenue by selling finished cloth rather than raw wool. However, the project faced strong opposition from merchants, the Dutch wool trade, and English manufacturers
When was James I original favourite Carr convicted of murder and Buckingham emerges as new favouirte?
1616
Outbreak of the 30 years war in Europe
1618
The General Assembly of the Scottish Kirk reluctantly accepts the Five Articles of Perth
1618 - a set of religious reforms imposed by James I on the Scottish Kirk to bring it closer in practice to the Church of England. James forced them to accept but did not enforce strictly unlike Charles.
Book of sports released?
1618
Buckingham appointed Lord High Admiral?
1618
Elector Palatine Frederick suffers crushing defeated at the Battle of the White Mountain (Prague)
1620 - Frederick was crushed by Spanish catholic forces a and went into hiding. English Protestants and Parliament demanded James take action to defend the Protestant cause, but James was reluctant to commit to war.
Instead he pursued the Spanish Match
Elector Palatine Frederick crowned King of Bohemia
1619
Spanish match phases?
1614 - 1623
* Ramped up after Battle of the white mountain - diplomatic response from James
* By 1621 parliament pressured James to take a harder stance on Catholicsm. MPs issued a protestation declaring their right to discuss foreign policy - james furiously tore it out the commons record and dissolved parliament
* Madrid trip by Charles and Buckingham in 1623 - treated horribly and were demanded to convert to Catholicsm - this turned them against Spain leading to the collapse of the Spanish Match.
* By 1624, James finally allowed England to prepare for war against Spain, but he died in 1625 before full-scale conflict began
Lionel Cranfield appointed Lord Treasurer
1621
James third parliament
1621 - James implied that MPs could discuss foreign policy as a way to frighten the Spanish into the Spanish Match as parliament were very anti spanish and would call for war against Spain.
They produced a petition criticising the Spanish Match and in retaliation James backtracked and banned discussion of Foreign Policy. Parliament in return protested and declared it was their undoubted birthright to discuss matters such as foreign policy. James was angered by this and used his prerogative to rip the document from the Common’s journal and dissolved parliament.
When was the Madrid trip?
1623
When was the monopolies act?
1624 — England was not trading well with its partners and monopolies had been singularly exploited by many courtiers — where the Crown’s monopolies were restricted and regulated by parliament
When was James’ last parliament?
1624 - In 1624, James was ill and Prince Charles and Buckingham were deeply involved in foreign policy — James faced pressure from both Parliament and his son, Charles, to go to war with Spain.
James appeared to support a more aggressive stance to push MPs into realizing that funding a costly war would not be in their financial interests (a great example of James’ ability to manipulate the political nation)
When was Montagu’s Appeal Caesarum
1625 – It was a highly controversial work that defended Arminianism (a more Catholic-leaning form of Protestantism) against the Puritan criticisms and opposition of the time. Montagu argued that the King (James I) had the right to determine religious doctrine in the Church of England, and that bishops and clergy should follow the monarch’s authority, even if it meant adopting practices or beliefs seen as too Catholic.
It provoked a strong backlash from Puritans, who were already in opposition to the increasing Arminian influence in the Church of England under James I and later Charles I.
Transition into religious problems of the Charles Era
When does Charles marry Henrietta Maria of France
1625
When was buckinghams unsuccessful expedition to Cadiz?
Buckingham’s unsuccessful expedition to Cadiz 1625
When was the Forced Loan?
1626 - Charles decided to bypass Parliament’s control over taxation and ordered wealthy subjects to lend money to the crown
When was the York House Conference?
1626 - theological debate held at the London home of George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, to discuss the growing tensions between Puritans and Arminians within the Church of England
Puritans aimed to persuade Charles to move away from the anti - Calvinism of Arminians but Buckingham reinforced his political power by siding with Laud
When was La Rochelle
1627
When was the Five Knights’ Case
1627 - 5 knights who were imprisoned without trial after refusing to pay forced loan went to court - ruled in royal favour strenghting kings prerogative powers.
The commons found out Charles had faked the judgement in the case records - this made their opposition to the king bitter
When was the Petition of Right
1628
This was a significant constitutional document presented to King Charles I by Parliament, seeking to limit the king’s powers and protect individual liberties like imprisonment without trial.
Charles agreed because he was desperate for finance after his two failed involvements in Cadiz and La Rochelle - he did not fully comply with the terms.
What were the two treaties ending war with spain and france ?
Susa - 1629
Madrid - 1630
When were the three resolutions?
1629
Just as the speaker was about to dissolve parliament by royal order, two radical MPs held him down until the three resolutions were passed. The resolutions condemned Arminianism, seen as a Catholic influence in the Church of England, and rejected the king’s right to collect tonnage and poundage (customs duties) without Parliament’s consent.
this led to charles dissolving parliament.
When did James VI of Scotland become James I of England and Ireland?
1603
When was the millernary petition wrote?
1603
When was the Hampton Court Conference?
1604
When did Bancroft become Archbishop of Canterbury
1604
When did the Treaty of London end war with Spain?
1604
When was the first proposal of a unified Scotland and England from James I
1603/4
When was the Gunpowder Plot?
1605
When was the Failure of James unification plan?
1606
When was Bates’ case
1606
When was the Oath of Allegiance
1606
When was Cecil appointed Lord Treasurer
1608
When was the New Book of Rates issued
1608
When was the proposal and failure of the Great Contract?
1610
When was James I’s first parliament?
1603-1610
When did MP’s clash with the King over Impositions?
1610
When does Abbot become Archbishop of Canterbury?
1611
When was the Authorised version of the Bible Published
(James I bible)
1611
When were barontocracies created - how much were they sold for?
1611 - sold for £1,095 each.
When did Prince Henry die
1612
When did Prince Elizabeth marry Frederick V
1613
When was the Cockayne project?
1614
When was the Addled parliament?
1614
When was George villiers appointed:
1) Lord High Admiral (Head of Navy)
2) Duke of Buckingham
1) 1619
2) 1623
When was Robert Carr convicted of murder with his wife - leading to the emergence of Buckingham as James I favourite
1616
When did James release the book of sports?
1618
When was the outbreak of the 30 years war
1618
when did the General Assembly of the Scottish Kirk reluctantly accept the Five Articles of Perth
1618
When did Elector Palatine Frederick accept the crown of Bohemia
1619
When did Elector Palatine Frederick suffers crushing defeated at the Battle of the White Mountain (Prague)
1620
Whem was Lionel Cranfield appointed Lord Treasurer?
1621
When did James I tear the protestation declaring parliaments right to discuss foreign policy out of commons journal in response to him banning foreign policy after they went too far on their anti spanish stance he somewhat orignally allowed to scare the Spanish?
1621
When did Prince Charles and Buckingham go on the Madrid Trip
1623
When was the monopolies act?
1624
When did James Last Parliament meet?
1624
When did Anglo - French relations turn as Charles marries the French Princess
1625
When was Charles I crowned king after his fathers death?
Febuary 1625
When was Montagu’s Apella Caesarum released?
1625
When does Charles first parliament meet?
1625
When was Buckinghams unsuccessful expedition to Cadiz?
1625
When was the forced loan?
1626
When was the York House Conference?
1626
When was La Rochelle / Anglo - French war.
1628
When was the Five Knights Case?
1627
When was the assassination of Buckingham?
1628
When was the petition of right?
1628
When did the treaty of Susa end war with France?
1629
When did the Personal Rule begin?
1629
When were the 3 resolutions passed?
1629
When did the Treaty of Madrid end war with Spain?
1630 (in combination with Susa treaty this ended English involvement in 30 year war)
When was the Book of Orders?
1631
Wentworth appointed Lord Deputy of ireland?
1631
William Laud made Archbishop of Canterbury?
1633
St Gregory Case?
1633
Charles Crowned King of Scotland (first visit) and first mentions new prayer book
1633
Book of sports reintroduced?
1633
Charles brings back Forest Laws?
1635
Ship money extended to inland counties and the creation of a new book of rates on import taxes?
1635
Feoffees for impositions?
1633
Bishop Juxon appointed Lord Treasurer
1636
Charles imposes new church laws on Scotland (canon laws)
1636
New Laudian prayer book introduced to Scotland (exclusive to them)
1637
Outbreak of Scottish riots as new book is read out.
1637 - Edinburgh
Trial of Prynne, Burton and Bastwick +++ Bishop John Williams imprisoned for his book.
1637
Hampden Case ruling + result?
1638 (starts 37) 7 to 5 in Crown favour - political loss for Charles.
The Scottish Covenant manifesto created legitimising support against Charles after a religious general assembly in Glasgow abolished Laudian reforms and formed an army.
1638
First Bishop war starts ?
April , 1639
Bishop War ends (+ name of treaty)
June, 1639 - Truce of Berwick
Parliament Recalled as advised by Wentworth (recalled from Ireland)
((( short parliament ))))
1640
When does the second bishops war start?
After the dissolution of the short parliament in August 1640
When does the second Bishop war end (and name of treaty)?
1640 - treaty of Ripon - Charles pays Covanent army £850 a day!
When was the first meeting of the Long parliament?
1640
When was the Irish rebellion / Ulster Massacre
1641 - October - 3000 Protestants killed in Ulster.
When did Bedford propose his financial settlement?
1640
When did the London mob form outside the tower of london?
1641
When was the Trinneal act?
1641
When was the Grand remonstrance?
1641 - 159 to 148
When was the militia bill passed?
1642
When were the 10 propostions?
1641
When was the exclusion bill
1642
When was the 5 members coup?
1642
When were the 19 propostions?
1642
Who were the royalists in the 1st civil war?
Charles 1 and royal army - not coordinated (charles indescive)
Earl of newcastle + prince rupert - lost battle at marston moor 1644
What was the solemn league and covenant?
Military religious and political alliance between parliament and scottish covanters (Presbytarian/protestant) formed in 1643
Reasons for royalist defeat in England , 1642-46
Poorer
Lack of Popular Support
Charles invasion of scotland in 1640 meant he had to fight them aswell as parliament (Solemn league)
2 key battles Charles lost that meant he lost the first civil war
Battle of Naseby (1645)
Marston Moor (1644)
BIG LOSS OF TERRITORY AND PEOPLE
What was the New Model Army
In 1645 parliament undertook political and military restructing. Soldiers were strongly motivated by the puritan religion to fight in the war - better trained.
What happened after the first civil war?
Charles was still in strong position despite losing civil war.
Scottish covenants expected parliament radicals to implement presybartariansm in england for 3 years - they didnt disputes within parlimenbt.
Newcastle propsitions,
july 1646
Scottish proposed plan to charles - wanted religious reforms
trineal act to remain.
Charles stalled - wanted to play to the divisions within parliament.
Windsor prayer meeting
New model army prayed before going in battle - believed god was guiding them - debated regicide for first time.
who were the levellers and diggers and 5 monarchists?
Levellers = middle class radicals/soldiers within the NMA sought to extend voting rights, freedom of speech etc (FORWARD THINKING)
Diggers = radical wanted communal settlements - socialsist FARMERS
5 monarchists = millerieain jesus christ coming back. very religous. nutcases.
all shut down by NMA - too radical.
What was prides purge?
A vote in parliament whether to negoatiate with Charles - the ones that voted to negoitage were removed by the army and taken to a nearby pub called HELL.
Who was Henry Irtean?
Military leader - NMA leader alongside others.
SKILLED LEADER FAIRFAX CROMWELL SECOND HAND MAN CRUCIAL ROLE IN BATTLES. military genius.
CRITIC OF LEVELER MOVEMENT.
Wanted settlement with king.
Irish uprising.
1641–
After Charles recalled Thomas Wentworth ( who was ruling oppresively on catholics in ireland on Charles behalf) their was an absence of crown authority in Ireland. The catholics raided Ulster killing 3000 protestants..
Divisions in the long parliament examples:
Root & Branch petition
Triennial act
Royalists VS Radicals
Bill of attainder
The triennial act
1641 - Abolished ship money without parlimentary consent.
stopped any threat of personal rule - parliament had to be called every 3 years
caused tension beacuse the royalists thought it was encroaching royal perogative.
Root and branch petition
signed by 15k londoners demanding bishops stopped governing church - parliament responded with the Exclusion bill in 1642
what was the Grand remonstrance 1641?
A direct attack on Charles about essentially everything he did wrong - introduced by Pym.
Bill of Attainder
In 1641 wentworth defended himself very well but Pym used the bill of attainder - a method allowed anyone who threated by the state to be removed by parliament WITHOUT trial.
Parliament were scared of Wentworth - saw him as the man that could take Charles to absoloutism
Some parliament saw this as a bit to far against royal preogrative
The Milita Bill
1641 - Gave parliament power to appoint army commands
Parliament assumed control of armed forces
5 members coup - 1642
Charles stormed house of commons to try and arrest 5 key mps but theyd already fleed. Pym used this as further evidence
m
3 key components of the structure of the PR?
CHIEFS ADVISORS
THE PRIVY COUNCIL
THE PREROGATIVE COURTS
Who were Charles 2 chief advisrors and what did they do?
Sir Thomas Wentworth - thorough policy more financial
William Laud - promoted to Bishop of LDN in 1628 - Laudianism
What was the policy of Thorough
This policy aimed to consolidate authority and strengthen royal control over England and its territories eliminating any need for Parliament. This involved the centralisation of power, reformation of legal systems and religious conformity which caused heightened tension across the Puritans (a group who wanted to simplify the Church of England), powerful members of the gentry and most importantly Parliament as this policy and period of reign was essentially bypassing any power they had
What was the book of orders?
(1632)
It was distributed to the ‘Justices of the Peace’ (JPs) by Charles, and it increased Charles’ governmental
control (as local affairs had previously all largely been handled by local gentry).
Demanded more from the elite - contributing to his downfall.
4 finances he relied on during his PR.
Custom duties - tonnage and poundage (Despite the 1625 Parliament refusing to grant it to Charles for longer than a year)
Forest Fines - levied fines on landowners claiming they had encroached on royal forest.
“distraint of knighthood” fining anyone who made lots of money off their lands who he hadnt given a title to.
Ship money - initally forced on coastal towns however he extended to inland regions - usually used in times of war - he claimed it was to impress the spanish and up his position in negoations for the palinate back from them.
OPPOSITION TO SHIP MONEY:
The Hampden Case 1637
John hampden had previously been imprisoned for imposing the forced loan of 1626 while he lost the legal battle it garned a lot of atteniton and built the anger around charles.
WHen was William Laud made archbishop of canterbury
1633
What was the emergence of millernariansim?
The belief ion the end of the world (judgement day) as a reaction acgainst laudianism some took a view that this was the start of judgement day.
High levels of emigration to the US
Opposition to Laudianism
ST gregory case 1633
physically challed moving their altar. - laud wanted on east wall they refused.
Why their was oppostion to laudianism
Calvinsit and puritnans alike united against it - UPSET JACOBEAN BALANCE - “the beauty of holiness” make churches nicer.
Irish rebellion
1641–
After Charles recalled Thomas Wentworth ( who was ruling oppresively on catholics in ireland on Charles behalf) Presybatarians (scottish protestants) were a majority and so they overthrough them killing 3000 in ulster with the absence of Crown authority.
Hampden case
1637
Charles took John Hampden a important member of the gentry to court beacuse he wasnt paying ship money hoping hampdens prosecution would make charles authoirty more obeyed however it simply garned more momenutem around the uprising against charles.
Bishops wars
1639 – 1640
Scots didnt like laudianism - anglican book to be used in scotland was trigger point.
made charles financially broke and force him to call parliament.
Who were the covanters?
Scottish protestants (presybatriansim) who fought against charles in the bishops war.
m
3 key components of the structure of the PR?
CHIEFS ADVISORS
THE PRIVY COUNCIL
THE PREROGATIVE COURTS
Who were Charles 2 chief advisrors and what did they do?
Sir Thomas Wentworth - thorough policy more financial
William Laud - promoted to Bishop of LDN in 1628 - Laudianism
What was the policy of Thorough
This policy aimed to consolidate authority and strengthen royal control over England and its territories eliminating any need for Parliament. This involved the centralisation of power, reformation of legal systems and religious conformity which caused heightened tension across the Puritans (a group who wanted to simplify the Church of England), powerful members of the gentry and most importantly Parliament as this policy and period of reign was essentially bypassing any power they had
What was the book of orders?
(1632)
It was distributed to the ‘Justices of the Peace’ (JPs) by Charles, and it increased Charles’ governmental
control (as local affairs had previously all largely been handled by local gentry).
Demanded more from the elite - contributing to his downfall.
4 finances he relied on during his PR.
Custom duties - tonnage and poundage (Despite the 1625 Parliament refusing to grant it to Charles for longer than a year)
Forest Fines - levied fines on landowners claiming they had encroached on royal forest.
“distraint of knighthood” fining anyone who made lots of money off their lands who he hadnt given a title to.
Ship money - initally forced on coastal towns however he extended to inland regions - usually used in times of war - he claimed it was to impress the spanish and up his position in negoations for the palinate back from them.
OPPOSITION TO SHIP MONEY:
The Hampden Case 1637
John hampden had previously been imprisoned for imposing the forced loan of 1626 while he lost the legal battle it garned a lot of atteniton and built the anger around charles.
WHen was William Laud made archbishop of canterbury
1633
What was the emergence of millernariansim?
The belief ion the end of the world (judgement day) as a reaction acgainst laudianism some took a view that this was the start of judgement day.
High levels of emigration to the US
Opposition to Laudianism
ST gregory case 1633
physically challed moving their altar. - laud wanted on east wall they refused.
Why their was oppostion to laudianism
Calvinsit and puritnans alike united against it - UPSET JACOBEAN BALANCE - “the beauty of holiness” make churches nicer.
Irish rebellion
1641–
After Charles recalled Thomas Wentworth ( who was ruling oppresively on catholics in ireland on Charles behalf) Presybatarians (scottish protestants) were a majority and so they overthrough them killing 3000 in ulster with the absence of Crown authority.
Hampden case
1637
Charles took John Hampden a important member of the gentry to court beacuse he wasnt paying ship money hoping hampdens prosecution would make charles authoirty more obeyed however it simply garned more momenutem around the uprising against charles.
Bishops wars
1639 – 1640
Scots didnt like laudianism - anglican book to be used in scotland was trigger point.
made charles financially broke and force him to call parliament.
Who were the covanters?
Scottish protestants (presybatriansim) who fought against charles in the bishops war.
When was James 1 crowned?
1603
London treaty (ending anglo-spanish war)
1604
Gunpowder plot
1605
Union of scotland failure
1604
When was George Villiers appointed Earl of Buckingham?
1616
Great contract
1610
king regular income - robert cecil - never ratified
Addled parliament
1614
Useless - James still angry from first parliament
Start - End of 30 year war
1618 - 1648
Ante supper
£3000
Charles get married to french princess
1 May 1625
Henrietta Maria of France
Spanish match
1623
La Rochelle
1627
Cadiz
1625 - couldnt even take down spanish port of cadiz.
petition of right
1628 - made parliament have to approve any taxation
Charles crowned
1626
Forced loan
1626
Charles I also tried to raise money without Parliament through a Forced Loan
Three resolutions
1629 - condemning the collection of tonnage and poundage
1628 parliament
Last parliament before PR
York house confernece
1626
Bishops wars
1639 – 1640
Hampden case
1637
Irish rebellion
1641
ST gregory case
1633
Charles granted tonnage and poundage for 1 year?
1625
When was William Laud made archbishop of canterbury
1633
Ship money
1634
When was BISHOPS WARS
1639 1640
When was the book of orders?
1632
when was the irish rebellion
1641
Grand remonstrance
1 December 1641
When was wentworth & Laud impeached
1640
Treaty of London
1640
Triennial Act
1641
Root and branch petition (amount of signatures)
15,000
Led to exclusion bill
5 member coup
4 January 1642
Pym hampden
When was the new model army?
1645
When was the solemn league signed?
1643
When was the battle of naseby
1645
When was the windsor prayer meeting
1648
Described charles as man of blood - first thought to commit regicide
NEW MODEL ARMY MEETING
When was prides purge?
1648
What is Jacobean?
The period of time during James I reign
What is Caroline?
The period of time during Charles I reign
What happened as a result of the catholic driven Gunpowder plot?
James made all the catholics swear their allegiance in the 1606 Oath of allegiance.
What was the main achievement from the Hampton court conference,1604
James called a religious conference in 1604-the hampton court conference
The King James bible - finished in 1611 was a translation of the bible into english. This was slightly done to his political advantage but also unified the church and solidified the english language.
What was the York house conference,1629?
A meeting between Charles and parliament essentially trying to mend relations and gain futher funds. Parli were too frustrated and said no.
What challenges did James I and the Church of England face?
Puritans presented their millenary petition to James I demanding for modifications in church services. For example the abolition of the cross.
Who did Charles favour religiously?
After protestanism
Arminianism - almost catholic
Married catholic french princess.
Was a more clear cut arminian than his father who also sided with them at the end of his reign.
What are the 4 main forms of crown income?
Crown lands - renting/selling land
Custom duties - taxes from goods imported into the country
Feudal dues - The crown had the right to control an estate that was inherited by an heir that was under 21.
Parliamentary subsidy- funds approved by parliament.
Why was finance becoming a bigger problem for the crown?
Crowns expenditure was rising - largely due to inflation
Crowns income was falling - mainly beacuse of Elizaebths failure to reform the crowns major sources of income.
Debts from the anglo spanish war from the Elizabeth era
What were the main consequences of the crowns financial weakness?
It was increasingly difficult for the crown to gover efficiently and in particular to conduct an AGGRESSIVE foreign policy.
In wartime the crown had no alternative but to devise new means of raising money when forced loands were not approved by parliment.
A main source of tension between parliment and the crown. The crown considered destroying the right of parliament to raise taxes.
What was the great contract (1610)?
Proposed by Robert Cecil it tried to reform the crowns financial sources. Parliment and James rejected it.
Why did James reject the great contract?
Would diminish the independence of the crown and therefore dispute the DROK. He also feared depending on parliament for capital.
Both parties felt like they would lose too much.
What was the London treaty (1604)
A treaty marking the end of the Anglo spanish war. Both parties simply couldnt afford to go on and James saw himself as a peacekeeper king (later tried to repair relations with the spanish match).
What was the Ante Supper?
one of the most notorious examples of court extravagance - this involved the prep of 2 HUGE feasts one of which was used for display and then thrown away.
One example of James taking the piss with Parliment and finances?
Giving away a large chunk of subsidies Parliment gave him to repay debts to his scottish mates in 1606. Created distrust in the future when Parliment granted money.
What was the Cockayne project?
Cockayne project was a financial scheme to reorganise cloth trade and a commision to prevent further building in London.
It failed and pushed debts further down lol.
Why did James call for Parliment in 1621?
James DIDNT want to join the 30 years war beacuse of the crowns desperatley weak finances but the possibility of being involved was high anyway and so he called parliment for subsidies. They gave him a small amount but were relucantant due to the economic depression. James Dissolved the parliment.
What was the Subsidy act 1624?
This act granted a subsidy of £300,000 to the crown for warfare(30 years war). This was supervised and agreed to be purely used on foreign policy.
example of cooperation between the crown and parliment
Although it was Charles who agreed as James was old and ill
How did Charles approach the 30 year war differently to his father?
He decided to join the fight AGAINST Spain after the spanish match failed and was now married to Henrietta Maria - princess of France.
James remained neutral - peacekeeper king
How was Charles backed in the 30 year war against the spanish?
His uncle Christian IV of Denmark was financially backed to attack the catholics through northern Germany
Financial support for the Protestant Dutch
Naval attack from SOUTH AMERICA??? on Spain.
What is an imposition?
A tax or duty that was additional to the normal customs set by parliment.
What was the forced Loan of 1626?
A controverstial and unpopular tax created by Charles I to force tax on some individuals to raise money for the crown without approval from parliament.
“test of political loyalty”
The imposition of the Forced Loan was one of the factors that fueled resentment and paved the way for further clashes between the king and Parliament. It became one of the grievances that contributed to the deterioration of relations leading up to the English Civil War.
How was Charles personality a different to that of his father?
Been reffered to as “the mirror opposite” to James.
The differences were rooted in Charles’ personality.
Charles was shy and hampered by a speech defect contrasting his outgoing father. This made Charles being less approachable, more damaging and uncommunicative with parliment.
Essentially Charles had An inferiority complex making him overstress his prerogative meaning he had none of James I’s political shrewdness or flexibility.
He was unwilling to compromise and interpreted the slightest hint of criticism as rebellion - very consprisical. His political actions would also go unexplained leaving others to interpret.
Example of Charles not being clear and making others work out what he was doing?
When he joined the 30 year war he demanded a subsidy from his first parliment. He refused to explain his position or ask for a specific subsidy. The parliment exhibited their first signs of distrust in Charles by only giving him a small amount of money for the war.
Similarties in James and Charles views on monarchy?
Both strong believers in the Divine right of kings and their prerogative.
Differences in James and Charles views on monarcy?
Charles was condsiderably more provocative (angry) when dealing with Parliment compared to James who was pragmatic(calm).
What was the difference between the 2 kings when dealing with foriegn policy and negotiation?
James - saw himself as a “peacekeeper king” and sought compromise and negotiation with the political nation in England while defending his rights.
Charles also sought to defend his rights but did so provocatively(less control,angry) , partly as a result of his limited self confidence. He was unwilling to negotiate and eventually undermined his own authority.
What was the court of James I like?
The court was an open and lively place that reflected the kings enjoyment and luxury life. He was noted for his open,physical interaction with his courtiers.
What was the court of Charles I like?
Charles regarded his court as a mini version of his state that he desperately tried to control it showing his weaker mentality. It felt isolated from the rest of the country.
What was the privy council?
The kings selected advisers who met in private to shape the monarchs wishes into policy and oversee their implemntation.
What was the kings bedchamber?
The monarchs private living space; the gentlemen of the Bedchamber were courtiers who waited upon the monarch in these rooms.
What were the features of a Gentleman of the Bedchamber?
~ providing companionship
~ important figures at court
~ access to king meant they had IMMENSE political influence.
How was the bedchamber a source of tension between James and parliment?
Lots of Scots became Gentlemen of the bedchamber meaning they had great political influence over the king and therefore England creating tensions.
What is a faction?
Competing groups in politics; dissenting (controversial opinions) groups based on personal or family relationships that sough the favour of the monarch
What was Patronage?
Political success was based on establishing a network of support. Those furthest up the system could act as patrons to the support “clients” lower down the system. Through this support, the clients could gain advancement and the patron could both show off his power and use his client to carry out tasks appropriate to their place and connections. The political aim of all was to build and use a network of connections to move as close to the king as possible.
Support or sponsorship offered by a powerful individual in exchange for
Explain the timeline of George Villiers:
- Came to light in 1616 beacuse James I liked him.
- Became closer to Prince Charles
- Became Duke of Buckingham
- In 1623, Charles and George travelled together to Madrid to secure the Spanish match
- They became closer after this and when James died he became Charles’ favourite
- Had way too much power and was responsible for foreign policy failures.
- Charles defended him when he was attacked by parliment in 1628 but he was assassinated by a soldier anyway.
What is parliamentary privilege?
Parliamentary privilege is a legal immunity enjoyed by members of parliament that allows them to freely speak during proceedings without fear of legal action. This enables parliament to function effectively as a legislative body to the monarch.
Why were some MP’s opposed to James unification of Scotland?
This unification was part of James’ plan to create a new kingdom. There was immediate intense opposition as their was concern the new state would abolish English laws.
What did James declare at his first parliament.
His new title would be king of Great Britain,France and Ireland.
New currency for the kingdom
All ships to carry union flag
Parliament had absoloutley none of it and alienated James from parliament contributing to the first dissolution of parliament.
Why did the “addled” parliament of 1614 dissolve so quick?
The failure of the great contract and the continued selling of crown land reduced long term income putting financial pressure on James to call on parliament for funds.
What was the factional conflict in the Addled parliament?
The factional conflict involved the Howard faction ( A group who support catholic Spain!!!) and the protestant faction causing mass political dysfunction.
What was the siege of La Rochelle, 1627?
Villiers attacked the french rebellion of the Huguenots (french protestants)
he attempted a direct assault of the stronghold of St martin he failed.
This was useless anyway as the French crown had made peace with the rebellion George was attacking
Now Villiers had lost thousands of troops - declared war on france and used all Charles’ funds.
One of the surviving soldiers later assasinated Villiers in 1628.
the attack was not official from the crown
What were the Three resolutions 1629?
This was parliaments opposition to Arminiasm and the oppostion to the collection of tonnage and poundage without Parliment permission. Charles response to this was to dissolve parliament and start his personal rule until 1640.
When was the gunpowder plot
1605
When was James 1 crowned?
1603
When was the London treaty signed concluding the Anglo Spanish war?
1604
When does James first propose a unified Scotland and England?
1604
When was George Villiers appointed Earl of Buckingham?
1616
When was the siege of La Rochelle?
1627
When was the Cockayne project?
1614
When was the oath of allegiance?
1606
When did the great contract and James 1st parliament collapse?
1610
When did the 30 year war start?
1618
How much money did James give away to his scottish mates when parliment gave him money to help him with his debts in 1606?
£44,000
When was the Forced loan?
1626
When was the siege of La Rochelle?
1627
