Old material Flashcards
(297 cards)
1
Q
What is dermatomycoses?
A
Cutaneous infection caused by yeast and normally saprophytic filamentous fungi resembling dematophytosis.
2
Q
What type of immunity plays an important role in protection and recovery from cutaneous mycoses infection?
A
Cell-mediated
3
Q
Dermatophyte infections are called what?
A
Dermatophytosis or ringworm.
4
Q
What are the 2 phases of infection with cutaneous mycoses?
A
- ) Initial: little host response, hypertrophy of stratum corneum, with accerlated keratinization, scruffy apperance and hair loss.
- ) Secondary phase: Inflammatory: ranges from erythema to vesiculopustular reactions and suppuration. Local plaques (kerions) may resemble skin tumors.
5
Q
What is subcutaneous mycoses?
A
Broad range of infections involving deeper layers of skin, muscle, bone or connective tissues.
6
Q
What caused this?
A
Sporothrix schenckii
Causes sporotrichosis
7
Q
What species do we see Sporothrix schenckii in?
A
Cats, humans, horses and dogs.
8
Q
How do most animals get S. schenckii?
What is the pathogenesis?
A
Traumatic event
Leads to ulcerating cutaneous nodules
Spreads to SQ lymph channels
Pyogranulomatous lesions
Suppurative ulcers develop
Dissemination to joints, viscera and CNS (in cats)
9
Q
Exudates in Sporothrix yield the highest # of fungi in what species?
A
Cats
Below is the yeast form of Sporothrix.
Remember: it’s a saprophytic dimorphic fungus.
Yeast grow best at 37 C on blood agar.
10
Q
What is this?
A
Sporothrix schenckii
This is the mold form: branching septate hyphae that bear pyriform micoconidia (look like flowers)
This would grow best at 25-30 C on Sabouraud’s agar.
11
Q
What causes this?
A
Histoplasma capsulatum var. farciminosum
Pseudoglanders
Epizootic lymphangitis
African Horse Farcy
12
Q
How is Pseudoglanders transmitted?
What is the pathogenesis?
A
Wound in the skin/possibly an arthropod bite
Local skin nodule becomes abscessed and ulcerated (mainly head, neck and limbs).
Pyogranulomatous response
Adjacent lymphatics develop similar nodules
**Hematogenous spread and visceral involvement possible. **
13
Q
A good differential diagnosis for Histoplasma capsulatum var. farciminosum would be what?
A
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
14
Q
T/F: Oomycocis is a member of the Kingdom Fungi.
A
False, it is a member of the *Kingdom Stramenopiles, *
Pythium and Saprolegnia is included under oomycosis.
15
Q
What causes this?
A
Cutaneous Pythiosis
Pythium insidiosum
- Swamp Cancer*
- Florida Horse Leeches*
16
Q
What species is Cutaneous Pythiosis seen in?
A
Horses, dogs, cattle and cats.
17
Q
In the cat, Pythiosis causes what type of lesions?
A
Tumor like masses
18
Q
What is causing this infection in the horse?
A
Kunkers or leeches
Caused by: Cutaneous Pythiosis.
Sparsely septated hyphae may be observed within granulomatous coagula (kunkers/leeches).
19
Q
What is causing this?
A
Chromoblastomycosis
Typically rare in humans.
Mostly occurs in frogs and toads.
Sclerotic bodies present.
This is a darkly pigmented (dematiacious) fungi.
20
Q
What is causing this?
A
Phaeohyphomycosis
Mostly seen in cats and dogs.
Hyphae present.
Darkly pigmented (dematiaceous) fungi
21
Q
What type of stain would you use to ID Chromoblastomycosis or Phaeohyphomycosis?
A
Mason-Fontana Stain
To highlight melanin.
22
Q
What is this?
A
Curvularia
23
Q
What is this?
A
Mycetoma
Specifically a eumycotic mycetoma
Reported in cattle, horses, dogs and cats.
Swelling, granule formation, and a draining sinus tract.
Fungi that cause this: Curvularia, Cochliobolus, and Pseudallescheria
Bacteria that cause this: Nocardia, or Actinomyces.
24
Q
What causes this?
A
Saprolegnia
Associated with stress in a pond; typically temperature.
25
What is systemic mycoses?
The agents of most systemic or deep mycoses are saprophytic fungi.
## Footnote
*Usually they are inhaled.*
26
What is Coccidiodes?
A dimorphic fungi that causes systemic mycoses.
* C. immitis = *California
* C. posadasii= Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and South America*
**Has been bioweaponized.**
27
What is the main species to get Coccidiodes?
Second most common species?
1st: Dog
2nd: Horse
28
What is the pathogenesis of Coccidiodes?
*Inhalation of arthroconidias and rounding into spherical shaped endospores.*
Endospores differentiated into multinucleated: spherules (contains 100's of endospores).
Spherules rupture and cycle starts.
Arthroconidia, spores and spherules trigger and inflammatory response in the **lung and lymph node.**
***Pulmonary lesions and osteomyelitis.***
_Pyogranulomatous inflammation._
29
What is this?
Spherules (sporangia) of *Coccidiodes immitis*
30
What is this?
Arthrospores of *Coccidiodes immitis.*
31
What is this?
Intracellular, *Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum*
although it is **facultatively intracellular can can survive inside or outside the cell.**
_Causes Histoplasmosis: symptoms resemble TB_
32
*H. capsulatum var. capsulatum *is most prevalent in what species?
**Middle aged dogs (2-7 years)**
33
What is the pathogenesis involved with H. capsulatum var. capsulatum?
Microconidia, hyphal fragments or yeast cells attach to macrophages in the lung.
**Minimal respiratory burst occurs.**
Mycroconidia and hyphal elements differentiate into yeast and survive in the phagolysosome.
Multiplication inside the cell eventually ruptures the phagocyte.
* Causes disseminated disease: **weight loss, diarrhea, dehydration, anemia, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and mesenteric lymphadenitis.***
* Pulmonary form: **coughing, fever, and regional lymphadenopathy.***
34
What is this?
*Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum*
**Septate bearing spherical to pyriform microconidia and tuberculate macroconidias. (_thick walled spheroidal cells._)**
35
What is this?
*Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum*
***Yeast***
36
What are passive carriers of H. capsulatum var. capsulatum?
Bats and birds.
37
What is causing this?
*Blastomyces dermatitidis*
***Blastomycosis***
38
What are the main species that Blastomyces dermatitidis infects?
**Humans** and **dogs**
39
What is the pathogenesis of *Blastomyces dermatitidis*?
Microconidia hyphal fragments are inhaled.
Conversion to the yeast form within the alveolar space.
***Primary tissue: (lungs) Pulmonary infection***
Expression of *Bad1* and phagocytosis* *with minimal respiratory burst and down regulation of cytokines.
Inflammatory response involving macrophages and neutrophils resulting in pyogranulomatous lesions in terminal bronchioles.
***Secondary tissues: (from the inside out) Nodular lesions can be tubercle like indicative of caseous necrosis.***
***Draining cutaneous lesions.***
40
What is this?
*Blastomyces dermatitidis*
***Thick walled budding yeast.***
41
What is this?
*Blastomyces dermatitidis*
***Mold: Hyphae with conidiophores with spherical conidia.***
42
What caused this?
*Cryptococcus neoformans*
***Main species it infects is: cats***
*Sometimes seen in cattle: mastitis also dogs.*
Yeast
43
What is the main reservoir of *Cryptococcus neoformans*?
Surface dust and dirt.
## Footnote
***Dried pigeon droppings. **(presence of creatinine helps sustain it there for years.)*
44
What is the pathogenesis of *Cryptococcus neoformans?*
Suppressor lymphocytes are stimulated.
Poor inflammatory response
**Myxomatous masses: ***high #'s of yeast cells and low #'s of inflammatory cells.*
***Ulcerative lesions of the mucous membranes: nose, mouth, pharynx, and sinuses as well as CNS involvement.***
Eventually masses acquire histiocytes, epitheliod cells and giant cells.
45
What is this?
*Cryptococcus neoformans* **yeast** organisms surrounded by a non-staining capsule (*the capsule is an important virulence factor~ protects from phagocytosis and complement system*.)
46
What is this?
*Malessezia pachydermatis*
Yeast
47
What is Malessezia pachydermatis causing in this picture and in what species?
What species does it affect in general and what disease processes is it closely associated with?
In the picture it is causing otitis externa in a dog.
*Malessezia pachydermatis* is mainly associated with causing **otitis externa and dermatitis in dogs.**
***In Westhighland White Terriers specifically it causes seborrhoeic dermatitis and epidermal dysplasia.***
48
What is this?
*Candida albicans*
Budding yeast cells
49
What is this?
*Candida albicans*
Pseudohyphae and a few individual yeast cells.
50
In the anterior digestive tract of humans, *Candida albicans *causes what?
Thrush
51
What is the pathogenesis of *Candida albicans*?
Most frequently affects the mucosal surface (**squamous epithelium**) of the anterior digestive tract, genital tract and occasionally the respiratory tract causing septicemia.
Causes ***white to yellow to gray plaques.***
*Diphtheitic membranes and abscesses.*
***Mainly neutrophilic, RARELY granulomatous.***
52
What other species besides humans does *Candida albicans* infect?
Birds, swine, equines, cattle, dogs and cats.
53
What is the most common Aspergillus spp. in humans and animals?
*Aspergillus fumigatus*
54
What is this?
*Aspergillus spp.*
***Asexual fruiting structures that are borne on conidiophores.***
55
What is the pathogenesis of *Aspergillus spp.*?
Inhalation or ingestion and deposition in tissues.
***Pulmonary infections with acute suppurative exudates. In later stages chronic granuloma develops.***
PAMP recognition by phagocytic cells triggering an inflammatory response.
Inflammatory response along with virulent factors released by fungus result in tissue damage.
Pigment and catalase delay destruction by phagocytic cells.
56
In which species do we see disseminated aspergillosis?
**Dogs: specifically German Shepherds**
57
In cattle with *Aspergillosis*, instead of seeing respiratory signs what do we see?
Abortions and mastitis
## Footnote
**Although this is rare.**
58
What is this?
What does it cause?
*Rhinosporidium seeberi*
***An aquatic protist.***
***_Granulomatous mucocutaneous infections._***
59
What species is Rhinosporidium seeberi normally present in?
Horses, humans, cattle, mules, dogs, goats and waterfowl.
## Footnote
*Particularily in the tropics.*
**Pictured: polypous rhinitis in a horse.**
60
What caused this?
In what species is this present?
**DRIPs**
*Tilapia*
61
What is this?
*Lacazia loboi*
***Found in dolphins and humans.***
62
What is this?
*Lacazia loboi*
***Yeast like cells.***
63
What is the causative agent of this infectious disease in amphibians?
*Chytridiomycosis*
**Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis**
64
What is this disease in bats?
White Nose Syndrome
## Footnote
***Geomyces destructans***
65
*Staphylococcus spp.* are facultative \_\_\_\_\_\_.
Which means they are Oxidase \_\_\_\_\_.
Anaerobes
Negative
66
Pathogenic strains of *Staphyloccus* produce what?
**Coagulase**
67
What are pathogenicity islands in *Staph* species?
Distinct regions of DNA present in the genome of pathogenic bacteria but absent in non-pathogenic species.
68
Staphylococcal enterotoxins are what?
Neurotoxins
Superantigens (cytokine storms)
Cause *projectile vomiting, & explosive diarrhea*
69
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin (TSST-1) in Staph species causes what?
Superantigen
## Footnote
***Endothelial damage***
*Fever, shock, skin rash, and multi-system involvement.*
70
How many different hemolytic toxins present in Staph species?
α, β, γ, δ
71
What is the **typical lesion** associated with Staphylococcus?
An *abscess.*
72
What is the pathogenesis of *Staphylococcus spp.?*
Adherence of tissue to sterile tissue: MSCRAMMS
Inflammation: cell wall and complement
Progression or elimination: Bacterial factors and Host factors
Replication occurs rapidly: quorum sensing, down-regulation of adhesins, up-regulation of capsule and toxins
Tissue damage destruction: increased inflammation, escape phagocytosis, destruction of leukocytes.
Suppuration and abscess formation. Systemic effects can result from super antigens.
73
***Staphylococcus pseudointermedius*** causes what in dogs and cats?
**_Pyoderma_, otitis externa, urolithiasis,** osteomyelitis, arthritis and mastitis.
74
***Staphylococcus aureus*** in ruminants causes what?
***_Mastitis:_*** ***one of the leading causes.***
## Footnote
*Alpha toxin which causes β-hemolysis is a key virulence factor.*
75
What is Tick Pyemia in small ruminants?
Ticks which normally carry **Anaplasma phagocytophilum** which causes immunosuppression predisposes to ***Staphylococcus aureus*** *infection****.***
Often times causes **mastitis** or leads to **disseminated abscess formation** and even **death**.
76
What is this pig suffering from?
Greasy Pig Disease
## Footnote
***Staphylococcus hyicus***
*Exudative epidermitis: exfoliative toxin is key virulence factor.*
77
*Staphylococcus aureus* in equines causes what?
Mastitis
Spermatic cord abscesses
**Pectoral abscesses: *Although _Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis_ is far more common!!!***
78
What is this bird suffering from?
Bumblefoot
## Footnote
***Staphylococcus aureus***
*Chronic pyogranulomatous process of SQ tissues.*
79
Other than draining abscesses, what is the drug of choice when combating *Staphylococcus species?*
**Penicillin**
80
The capsule of *Streptococcus spp.* is composed of ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_, which is a key virulence factor.
Hyaluronic acid (HA)
81
\_\_\_ Protein of *Strep *species is antiphagocytic and binds with fibrinogen and Factor H which prevents the complement system of taking effect.
**M **protein
82
What is this horse suffering from?
Strangles
## Footnote
***Streptococcus equi subsp. equi***
* Highly contagious febrile rhinopharyngitis involving **abscessation of the regional lymph nodes**.*
* Serous or purulent nasal discharge, fever, local pain, cough, anorexia, and abscesses.*
* Mainly in young horses.*
83
When Strangles in horses has gone systemic and you have widespread abscessation it is called what?
**Bastard Strangles**
84
A condition called Pupura hemorrhagica from *Strep. equi subsp. equi is caused by what type of hypersensitivity?*
What are the signs?
Type **III** Hypersensitivity
SQ swelling, mucosal hemorrhages and fever.
85
Which species of *Streptococcus spp.* is more promiscuous and common than *Strep. equi subsp. equi* in horses?
***Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus** *
* Pneumonia/pyothorax*
* Suppurative osteomyelitis*
* Abscesses*
*_Naval ill of foals_*
86
Pigs that are suffering from cervical lymphadenitis (jowl abscesses) have what type of Strep?
*Streptococcus porcinus*
***Highly contagious***
***Similar to Strangles in horses.***
87
*Streptococcus suis* and *Streptococcus dysgalactiae* cause what in swine?
Which of the 2 is pathogenic in humans?
Secondary pneumonias and **endocarditis**
Neonatal septicemias
Pneumonia
Arthritis
Meningitis
***S. suis is pathogenic in humans***
88
What is the second most common and also a Strep species that causes mastitis in cattle?
***Streptococcus agalactiae***
89
What is the causative agent of Puppy Strangles?
***Streptococcus canis***
*Causes septicemia in newborn puppies _and kittens._*
90
You have left pleural effusion in a primate, what is the most likely *Streptococcus spp.* as the causative agent?
***Streptococcus pneumoniae***
*Causes: pneumonia, septicemia and meningitis.*
91
_This was a real question from Dr. Soto:_
* You are presented with a 5 y/o cocker spaniel with a hx of persistent pyoderma. You collect samples from the edge of the lesion and upon microscopic examination observe Gram positive coccoid bacteria. As part of your DDx in this case, you should have...*
* A. **Streptococcus canis***
* B. **Staphylococcus aureus***
* C. **Staphylococcus pseudointermedius***
* D. **All of the above***
* E. **None of the above***
D. **All of the above**
## Footnote
*However if you were being asked which is **most likely** you would say **S. pseudointermedius***
92
What is *Enterococcus*?
Group D Streptococci
Halophiles and thermophiles
***E. faecalis and E. faecium are the most important.***
* Commonly infect urinary bladder and ear canal and cause otitis externa in dogs.*
* Also reside in the gastrointestinal tract and can cause diarrhea in the young.*
***Share antimicrobial resistance genes with S. aureus.***
93
T/F: *Corynebacterium *are acid fast.
**False**
94
What is the morphology of *Corynebacterium?*
Diphteroid, Chinese letters.
95
*Corynebacterium *possess an exotoxin called _______ \_\_\_ that is a major virulence factor.
**Phospholipase D**
96
What are the 2 biotypes of *Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis*
**Equine biotype: ***Equines and Bovines*
_Nitrate positive_
**Ovine biotype: ***Ovine, Caprine and some Bovine*
_Nitrate negative_
97
What is the pathogenesis of *Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis?*
Bacteria enters host via a skin wound, multiply and are phagocytized.
Phagolysosome fusion takes place. Bacteria multiplies within it.
**Phagocytic cell dies.**
*Permeability in blood vessels increase, favors the spread of the organism.*
***Abscesses develop in primary or secondary sites. _Regional lymph nodes._***
*Typical chronic diseases, **granuloma.***
***Caseous necrosis***
98
What is the major thing that *Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis *causes in equines?
**Pectoral abscesses:*** This is the major cause although S. aureus can cause this too. _Also referred to as Pigeon fever or Breastbone fever._*
## Footnote
*Can also cause **ulcerative lymphangitis.***
99
What is causing this in a goat?
What is it causing?
*Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis*
***Caseous lymphadenitis, abscess***
* Has a typical onion ring apperance. *
* Can also appear on visceral organs like the lungs and liver.*
100
What is causing this in an Arabian oryx?
What is it causing?
*Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis*
***Abscess; caseous necrosis***
101
What is this cow suffering from?
*Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis*
***Abscess***
102
What type of hemolysis does *C. pseudotuberculosis* display?
Gamma hemolysis
103
On a CAMP test, *C. pseudotuberculosis* displays inhibitory effects with _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ ______ and synergistic hemolysis with __________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
***Inhibitory effects with streptococcoal beta toxin and synergistic effects with Rhodococcus equi.***
104
*Corynebacterium renale *normally colonizes where in cattle and other domestic animals?
The lower genital tract
105
What is the pathogenesis of *Corynebacterium renale?*
Adhesins (Pili) attach to urothelium.
Urea breakdown produces ammonia.
Inflammatory process occurs.
***Chronic inflammatory process involves: bladder, ureters, renal pelvis, and renal parenchyma causing pyelonephritis.***
High alkalinity of urine. Suppression of anti-bacterial defensins. (Inactivation of complement by ammonia.)
106
In small ruminants *Corynebacterium renale* causes what?
**Ovine posthitis**
*aka Pizzle rot or Sheath rot*
***Risk factors are a high protein diet.***
***Ammonia is thought to initiate the process***
*High alkalinity of urine.*
107
In horses, dogs and non-human primates, *C. renale* causes what?
Urinary tract infections
## Footnote
**Not zoonotic.**
108
In cattle *C. renale* causes what?
**Ascending urinary tract infection**: *cystitis, ureteritis, and pyelonephritis.*
**Acute pyelonephritis**
Weght loss, decreased milk prod., uremia, anorexia, and death.
109
***Arcanobacterium** *had it's name changed to what?
***Trueperella***
110
T/F *Trueperella* is acid fast negative.
**True!!**
111
The morphology of *Trueperella* is what?
**Small Gram positive, coccoid-rods**
112
Exotoxin, _____ \_\_\_ is the most important virulence factor of *Trueperella pyogenes.*
**Pyolysin O**
113
What is the pathogenesis of ***Trueperella pyogenes***?
Physical or microbial damage
ADHESION: binds collagen and fibronectin
Neuraminidases: aids in binding by exposure of receptors.
Proteases, DNAses, aid in the spread of the organism.
***Suppurative processes: abscesses, pyogranulomas, and empyemas.***
114
***Trueperella pyogenes*** is mostly found where?
Mucous membranes: *upper respiratory, gastrointestinal and urogenital tract.*
## Footnote
***Infections most likely endogenous.***
115
What is the major thing *Trueperella pyogenes* causes in cattle?
**Summer mastitis**
* Further facilitated by the spread through flies.*
* Pyogranulomatous*
***This is the 3rd most common cause of mastitis in cattle (others are Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae.)***
116
What are other disease processes that *Trueperella pyogenes* causes in cattle, aside from mastitis?
Purulent infection: can cause abscesses and sloughing.
## Footnote
*Locations include: Lung, pericardium, endocardium, pleura, peritoneum, liver, joints, uterus, renal cortex, brain, bones and SQ tissues.*
***Good DDx include: C. pseudotuberculosis, S. aureus, S. agalactiae, various fungi.***
117
What type of hemolysis does *Trueperella* display?
β-hemolysis
118
Which bacteria can be found primarily from the prepuce of boars?
What is the pathogenecity of this bacteria?
***Actinobaculum suis***
*Sexually transmitted to sows*
119
What is the major virulence factor of *A. suis*?
***Urease***
120
T/F: *Actinobaculum suis *is an aerobic bacteria.
**False, **it's an anaerobic bacteria.
121
T/F: *Rhodococcus spp.* are aerobic.
***True***
122
T/F: *Rhodococcus spp.* are pleomorphs (meaning they are comprised of rods and cocci).
**True!!**
123
T/F: *Rhodococcus spp.* are facultative intracellular pathogens of macrophages.
**True!!!**
124
The main modes of transmission for *Rhodococcus spp.* are what?
* Inhalation*
* Ingestion*
* Congenitally via umbilical cord or mucous membranes.*
125
What is the pathogenesis of *Rhodococcus spp.?*
Opsonization by C3b and phagocytosis by macrophages.
Escapes or survives inside the phagolysosome: VAPs or cell wall.
Down regulation of IFNγ
Sub-acute to chronic inflammatory response.
***Abscesses and granulomas.***
126
What is the species of *Rhodococcus *that infects equines?
*Rhodococcus equi*
127
What is the main age group of equines that *R. equi* targets?
Foals: 1-6 months
128
What is the main disease process that *R. equi* causes in foals?
What are some good DDx for this?
***Pyogranulomatous bronchopneumonia***
Good DDx include: *Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Fungi: Histoplasmosis, Coccidomycosis.*
129
In immmune comprimised individuals, they can contract *R. equi* and develop what?
Pneumonia
## Footnote
*Lung abscesses, consolidation, and pulmonary nodules.*
130
Equines that are immunosuppressed and co-infected with \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ___ are more likely to contract *R. equi.*
***Equine herpesvirus 4***
131
*Rhodococcus equi *has a synergistic hemolysis CAMP reaction with ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and ___________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
*Staphylococcus aureus and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis.*
132
T/F: *Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae *is coagulase negative.
**False,** it is coagulase positive.
133
What species is *Erysipelothrix *most likley to infect?
What is the name of the disease that it causes?
What are the clinical signs of disease?
**Pigs**
***Diamond Skin Disease***
* Acute: red to purple rhomboidal skin lesions, may progress to necrosis or resolve.*
* Chronic form: Vegetative endocarditis, athritis and/or abortion.*
* Septic form: fever, anorexia, depression, vomiting, stiff gait, reluctance to walk, urticaria.*
134
What is the pathogenesis of *Erysipelothrix*?
***Ingestion, Wound, Arthropod bite***
Bacterial attachment and invasion into cells: Neuraminidase
Vascular damage and hyaline thrombus formation: Neuraminidase
Resistance to phagocytosis and survival inside professional phagocytes: capsule.
135
What form of Diamond Skin Disease is this?
Acute form: red to purple rhomboidal lesions of the skin.
136
What form of Diamond Skin Disease is this?
Chronic form: *vegetative valvular endocarditis.*
137
What species of bird commonly becomes infected with *Erysipelothrix?*
What sign is almost pathognomic for *Erysipelothrix* in this species of bird?
Turkeys
## Footnote
**Swollen, cyanotic snood.**
138
Is zoonosis possible with *Erysipelothrix?*
Yes, especially in **fish and meat handlers.**
## Footnote
*Painful local ulcers, usually self-limiting.*
139
What is the morphology of *Erysipelothrix?*
Gram positive slender rod.
140
What is a unique feature of *Erysipelothrix* in culture?
**Produces hydrogen sulfide**
**Displays γ-hemolysis**
141
In the ornamental fish industry, *Erysipelothrix* causes what?
Crooked mouth
Reddish ring around the mouth
Ascites
142
T/F: Listeria is a non-motile bacteria.
**False,** *it is a motile bacteria at **25 C** and possesses a flagella.*
143
What is the species most infected by Listeria?
*Cattle*
144
What is the main virulence factor seen with Listeria?
*Listeriolysin O (LLO)*
***Damages the phagosome and allows the bacteria to escape from the cytosol.***
145
What is ActA?
An important protein in intracellular movement by actin polymerization.
## Footnote
*Virulence factor*
146
The CAMP test is used to distinguish between the 2 types of Listeria how?
* L. monocytogenes is CAMP + with S. aureus*
* L. invanovii is CAMP + with R. equi*
147
What are the modes of transmission for Listeria?
Soil contamination: fecal-oral
Contaminated feed: **Silage disease, **in humans it's the consumption or tainted food or milk usually.
Nasal mucosa and conjunctiva
148
What is the intestinal pathogenesis of Listeria?
What is the CNS pathogenesis of Listeria?
**Intestinal**: *Listeria ingested orally (many killed by gastric acids)\>\>attachment, entry and survival in epithelial cells, M-cells, and phagocytic cells: Internalin and ActA\>\>Dissemination: cell-to-cell, blood stream, phagocytes.*
**CNS**: *Damaged oral, nasal or ocular mucosal surfaces\>\>neural sheath of peripheral nerves (Trigeminal)\>\>CNS*
***Meningitis, Encephalitis***
149
In ruminants the main disease caused by *Listeria* is?
**Circling Disease**
*Encephalitis*
150
Aside from encephalitis in ruminants, Listeria can cause what?
* Septicemia: **typically in young.***
* Abortion*
* Conjunctivitis*
* Mastitis: **usually subclinical, and this is spread to humans who drink the milk.***
151
What is the most common manifestation of disease in humans with Listeriosis?
**Meningitis**
*5th most common cause of bacterial meningitis in humans.*
152
What is the morphology of Listeria?
Gram positive short rods with rounded ends.
153
_This is a real Dr. Soto question:_
*The image presents a draining abscess in the udder of a cow, as part of the DDx you have:*
A. ***Mastitis due to Staphylococcus aureus.***
B. ***Mastitis due to*** ***Trueperella pyogenes***
C. ***Mastitis due to Corynebacterium pilosum***
D. ***A and B are correct***
E. ***All of the above***
D. ***A and B are correct***
154
_This is a real Dr. Soto question:_
*From the previous case you isolate 2 organisms. The first one is an obligate anaerobic Gram negative bacteria consistent with Fusubacterium necrophorum. The second one is a gram positive, facultative anaerobe, non-motile, catalase negative diphtheroids. You immediately think of __________ as the second agent.*
A. ***Staphylococcus aureus***
B. ***Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis***
C. ***Trueperella pyogenes***
D. ***Streptococcus agalactiae***
E. ***Listeria monocytogenes***
C. ***Trueperella pyogenes***
155
What is the morphology of *Bacillus spp.*?
Large Gram positive spore forming facultative anaerobic rods.
156
*Bacillus anthracis* is mainly found in what type of soils?
Alkaline calcium and nitrate rich soils
157
What plays an important role in the core of a spore of *B. anthracis?*
**Calcium in combination with dipicolinic acid.**
158
What is the infectious unit of *Bacillus anthracis?*
Endospores
159
What is the pathogenesis of *Bacillus anthracis?*
Spores acquired from environment.
Phagocytosed by macrophages: spores germinate within the phagolysosome.
Vegetative bacteria respond to environmental cue: (AxtA, AcpA)- LeTx, EdTx capsule, other toxins.
Escape from phagolysosome and macrophages: hyperproduction of cytokines, fluid and electrolyte imbalances.
**Multiple organ dysfunction, shock and depleton of clotting factor. **
***Bleeding from orifices. ***
160
What are the most common post-mortem findings in ruminants with *Bacillus anthracis?*
*Epistaxis*
***Lack of rigor mortis!!!***
161
*What are the 3 major forms of **anthrax** in humans caused by _Bacillus anthracis_?*
Cutaneous anthrax
Gastrointestinal anthrax
Pulmonary or inhalation anthrax
162
What is the pathogensis of cutaneous anthrax in humans?
Cut or abrasion
Incubation period: 1-14 days
Painless papule
Papule becomes vesicular (1-2 days) and is surrounded by extensive area of edema.
Vesicle ulcerates (5-6 days)
Lesion dries leaving a blackened necrotic area: Black Eschar
163
How does one acquire gastrointestinal anthrax?
What are some signs of GI anthrax?
**Ingestion of contaminated meat.**
*Pharyngeal lesions, regional lymphadenopathy, inappetance, nausea, vomiting blood and bloody diarrhea, massive septicemia and toxemia.*
164
What are the signs of inhalation anthrax?
*Pulmonary edema, hemorrhagic pneumonia, and sometimes meningitis, hypotension, edema and fatal shock.*
165
What is one thing you would **not **want to do if you suspected *B. anthracis* is an animal?
**A field necropsy!!!**
166
What is this?
*Bacillus anthracis* inside a peripheral macrophage and intra- & extra-cellular bacilli.
167
What is the string of pearls test?
Characteristic blebbing that occurs when *Bacillus anthracis *contacts Penicillin.
168
T/F: Anthrax is a reportable disease.
**True!!!**
169
T/F: Mycobacterium is non acid-fast.
**False,** Mycobacterium **is acid-fast.**
## Footnote
*Macrophages packed with acid-fast Mycobacterium.*
170
Tuberculosis is caused by what agent?
What is the key lesion of tuberculosis?
* M. tuberculosis in primates*
* M. bovis in other mammals*
* M. avium subsp. avium in birds*
***Chronic granulomatous disease***
171
How is *Mycobacterium* transmitted?
Respiratory
Fecal-oral
Transplacental
Transovarian
Intrauterine
172
What is this?
A stained section of a **tubercle** or **granuloma.**
## Footnote
* You have a central zone of calcification.*
* Caseous necrosis.*
* Zone of epithelioid and giant cells.*
* Lymphocytes at border- mononuclear cells.*
173
\_\_\_\_\_\_ _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ influences the course of *Mycobacterium's* disease process.
**Cell mediated immunity**
174
What is this?
**Bovine tuberculosis**
Most likely caused by *Mycobacterium bovis*
***Causes tuberculous pneumonia***
* Also, affects the rest of respiratory tract, adjacent lymph nodes, and serous cavities.*
* Hematongenous dissemination to liver and kidney.*
* May infect uterus to further infect a fetus.*
***Cow may be may be emaciated, have an erratic appetite, low grade fever, localized lymphadenitis, cough and diarrhea.***
175
This was taken from a cow with *M. bovis* what is the best way of describing what is going on.
*Granulomatous and necrotizing pneumonia*
176
In cows, which species of *Mycobacterium* is generally subclinical where abortions may occur?
*Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium*
177
T/F: Horses are commonly infected with *Mycobacterium spp.*
**False, **horses are rarely infected but if they are it's usually with *Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium.*
178
What is causing these miliary lesions in the liver of a pig?
*Mycobacterium bovis*
***Typically enters via the alimentary tract.***
***Miliary lesions can be observed on the spleen as well.***
179
A referring doctor calls your clinic and says she has an animal with **Marie's Disease** coming in for referral to your clinic, what species is she referring to and what does this animal have?
**Dog**
*Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy*
***Most likely infected with Mycobacterium bovis***
180
T/F: *Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium *is the most common species to infect primates.
**False, ***Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis *are.
## Footnote
***Mycobacterium bovis enters via the alimentary tract (mainly via unpasteurized milk, may result in spread to vertebrae- hunchback) where as Mycobacterium tuberculosis enters via aerosolization (common with crowded areas like prisons.)***
181
What is causing this?
**Cutaneous tuberculosis**
182
What is causing this, in a bird?
**Avian tuberculosis**
*Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium*
***Enters via the alimentary tract and can disseminate to the liver, spleen, bone marrow, lungs and peritoneum.***
183
T/F: *Mycobacterium spp. *have a very slow generation time of about 12 hours.
**True!!!!**
184
T/F: Tubercle bacilli from *Mycobacterium spp. *are very hardy.
**True!!! ***They are resistant to many antimicrobials and disinfectants. They can also survive long periods in the soil and resist drying.*
185
T/F: Tuberculosis is not a reportable disease.
**False, ***it most definitely is a reportable disease.*
186
What is wrong with this primate?
**It's TB ++++**
187
Your new boss is at a farm and says that he has a cow that potentially has Johnne's Disease, quick: think back to your vet school days, what does this cow have and what are the signs? Should you report this disease?
*Mycobacterium avium subsp. **paratuberculosis***
*_Chronic irreversible wasting disease of ruminants._*
Chronic weight loss, diarrhea, **transverse corrugation of the intestinal mucosa; ***graulomatous inflammation.*
Draining and enlarged lymph nodes.
Usually fatal.
***Yes, report!!!***
188
How is *Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis *normally transmitted?
Fecal-oral
In utero
Infected colostrum or milk
189
What is the pathogenesis of *Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis*?
Organisms interact with MALT and M-cells in submucosa of ileocecal area (also in regional lymph nodes).
**Surive and replicate intracellularly**.
Release of cytokines by macrophages: inflammatory and immune response, TH1 lymphocyte recruitment, tuberculoid stage.
Activation with IFNγ is compromised: failure to eliminate the bacteria.
**Slowly progressing granulomatous reaction**: TH2 lymphocyte recruitment. Sloughing of the muocsal epithelium. Lepromatous stage.
***5% progress to clincal disease: malabsorption and protein losing enteropathy.***
The **young** are most susceptible, **Guernsy, Jersey and Shorthorn** are predisposed.
190
What is the most common stain used for identifying *Mycobacterium* and why?
Ziehl-Neelson: Acid fast stain
## Footnote
***Because they are acid-fast positive.***
191
What is the cause of Feline Leprosy?
How is it spread?
What are the lesions associated with this disease?
***Mycobacterium lepraemurium ***
*Transmission via arthropod or rodent bites.*
Chronic noduloulcerative- nontuberculous mycobacterial infection of the skin.
192
What is the cause of Bovine Farcy?
What are the lesions associated with this?
***Mycobacterium farcinogenes or Mycobacterium senegalenses***
*Bovine Mycobacterial Ulcerative Lymphangitis*
Nodulo-ulcerative skin lesions in cattle: lower extremities and ventral trunk.
193
A fish owner shows you his hand and asks for your advice, you tell him to seek "human" medical attention right away but that it **could** be what?
**Swimming pool granuloma or Fish Handler's Disease**
_This can be flesh-eating._
***Mycobacterium marinum*** *(since it's a fresh water fish)*
*otherwise if tropical fish could be: **Mycobacterium fortuitum.***
194
What members belong to filamentous bacteria?
**Nocardia**
**Actinomyces**
**Dermatophilus**
**Streptobacillus**
195
What is this condition called that is occuring in this cat?
Mandibular osteomyelitis
## Footnote
*Lumpy Jaw*
***It would be impossible to tell without culturing it what the cause is but it turned out to be: Nocardia cryiacigeorgica***
196
What is this?
A ***sulfur granule*** from pyogranulomatous osteomyelitis w/intralesional bacterial colonies (*Gram + diphtheroids)* from the cat with *Nocardia.*
## Footnote
***Sulfur granules are more common in Actinomyces though.***
197
What is the most common species of *Nocardia*?
***Nocardia asteroides***
198
T/F: *Nocardia* is a partially acid fast filamentous bacteria.
**True, ***unlike Actinomyces which is non-acid fast.*
199
What is this?
***Nocardia***
*Filamentous form*
**Produce generalized suppurative and pyogranulomatous processes. Lymph nodes consistently involved.**
200
How is *Nocardia* transmitted?
* Inhalation*
* Ingestion*
* Trauma*
201
What bacteria can cause **Bovine Farcy**?
What are the signs of Bovine Farcy?
***Nocardia farcinica***
***Mycobacterium farcinogenes***
***Mycobacterium senegalense***
*Chronic suppurative infection usually of the distal limbs, lymphatics involved of extremities or head, ulcers and discharging sinuses.* **This is a disease of the tropics.**
202
T/F: Morphologically Nocardia is distinguishable from Actinomyces.
**False**
203
*Nocardia alternates between the __________ (resting phase) and the __________ \_\_\_\_\_ (actively growing phase) which makes it true a ________ bacteria.*
***Coccobacillary*** *and the **filamentous form** which makes it true a **pleomorphic** bacteria.*
204
**Actinomyces **lesions expand but have little tendency for __________ which differs from **Nocardia.**
Little tendency for _**dissemination**._
205
T/F: Nocardia are **anaerobes or facultative anaerobes.**
**False, **they are *obligate aerobes.*
***Actinomyces*** on the other hand **is an anaerobe or facultative anaerobe.**
206
**Actinomyces** is mainly found where on/in the body?
*Oral mucous membranes and tooth surfaces.*
Also mucous membranes of the urogenital and GI tract.
207
What is the pathogenesis of **Actinomyces** causing lumpy jaw in cattle?
**A. bovis** is introduced from an oral reservoir by *traumatic event* (poor quality feed) into the alveolar or paralveolar region of the jaw.
A chronic rarefying *osteomyelitis* is initiated.
*Replacement with porous bone, dislodgement of teeth, inability to chew and mandibular fractures.*
208
What's wrong with this horse?
**Poll evil**
*from **Actinomyces** and possibly other bacteria.*
209
T/F: ***Actinomyces ****does not require rich medium in order to grow, in fact it grows very well on Saboraud's dextrose agar.*
**False, **it does require rich medium (like serum or blood) and grows poorly if at all on Saboraud's.
*This is different than **Nocardia** a**nd**Streptomyces** which don't require rich medium.*
210
What is this?
***Dermatophilus congolensis***
*Long filamentous form*
*_Train tracks_ appearance should be a give away.*
211
What is going on with this cow?
What causes this to occur?
What would we call this same thing in horses?
In sheep?
***Dermatophilosis***
*aka Streptothricosis*
**Exudative epidermitis**
Caused by arthropod (pictured is *Amblyomma*), contact and fomites.
In horses we'd call it: ***Rain scald, rain rot, or grease heal.***
In sheep we'd call it: ***Strawberry foot rot or lumpy wool.***
Typically Dermatophilus congolensis is on the skin and with humidity or rain it softens the skin and allows organisms to start infecting and potentially disseminating. *Very little tendency to vascularly disseminate remember!*
212
T/F: *Clostridium *are aerobic spore forming rods.
**False,** *Clostridium* are **anaerobic **spore forming rods.
213
What are the 3 circled bacteria?
At least 3 different types of *Clostridium* in a mixed anaerobic infection
214
What is one defining feature of *Clostridial *diarrhea?
It's **putrid odor.**
215
Which toxin is produced by all ***Clostridium perfringens***?
Alpha toxin (Cpa or PIc)
## Footnote
*Causes hemolysis, necrosis and lethality.*
216
Which toxin do proteases (Trypsin inhibitors) in colostrum favors its action.
Beta toxin (Cpb)
## Footnote
*Spore forming toxin.*
217
In wound infections, which type of toxin is the most important?
Alpha toxin
218
What is perfringolysin O?
Theta toxin
## Footnote
* Cholesterol binding cytolysin.*
* Important for the escape from the phagolysosome.*
219
With canine hemorrhagic gastroenteritis what toxins are the most imporant?
Alpha toxin, Perfringolysin O and enterotoxins.
## Footnote
***Enterotoxemia: Type A***
220
What is ***struck*** in older sheep?
Rapidly fatal toxemia-bacteremia.
*Alpha toxin, beta toxin and Perfringolysin O.*
***Beta toxin plays the major role.***
**Struck gives the impression that the sheep has been struck by lightening due to nervous signs.**
***Enterotoxemias: Type C***
221
A more experienced vet calls you to say she has just done a few post-mortem's on some sheep at a local farm, it appears that they have "**pulpy kidney**" disease, what is this and what is causing it?
* Sheep will die suddenly with few or no symptoms.*
* Rapid breakdown of the kidney tissue.*
***Epsilon toxin:** Increases interstitial permeability, causes vascular damages, fluid losses and edema.*
*Clostridium*
***Enterotoxemias: Type D***
222
This endotoxemia causes *lamb dysentery *in newborn lambs.
***Enterotoxemia: Type B***
*Beta toxin is the principal factor producing hemorrhagic enteritis in the small intestines.*
Depression, anorexia, abdominal pain, and diarrhea.
223
A key feature of invasive clostridium on blood agar is what?
**Double zone hemolysis:** *inner clear zone and outer hazy zone.*
224
What problems can **overeating** cause in sheep?
***Enterotoxemia: Type D***
* Upsetting the gut flora: causes intestinal hypomotility.*
* Epsilon toxin*
225
*Adhesins *allow ***Clostridium difficile ***to adhere to the ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_.
**Large intestines, **it's target cells.
226
What is the pathogenesis of ***C. difficile***?
_"Trigger event"_ like antibiotics or chemotherapy.
Normal flora, disruption and colonization of *C. difficile.*
Adherence to the large intestines and toxin (**Toxin A/enterotoxin**) production: pili, fimbriae, epithelial cell death.
Intense inflammatory response: fluid and electrolyte secretion, diarrhea with or without blood.
***Note the yellowish white plaques of fibrin, mucus and inflammatory cells overlying the normal red intestinal mucosa: this is antibiotic associated colitis.***
227
Your boss called again and said to meet him down at the farm because some rams have "**Bighead**". He snaps a picture and sends it to you and you know the causative agent is what?
***Clostridium novyi*** Type A
Occurs in rams from fight wounds to the head.
Toxins: *Alpha toxin and Novyolysin* are causing the edema.
228
**Gas gangrene **of humans is caused by what?
***C. novyi ***Type A
229
What is causing this in the liver?
**Black diseases:** *SQ venous congestion secondary to pericardial edema which darkens the underside of the skin, suggesting the name.*
## Footnote
*Gas bubbles have infiltrated pesenting a spongy appearance on the cut surface.*
***C. novyi** Type B.*
230
What is the pathogenesis of ***C. novyi*** Type B?
Spores are mobilized from the intestines to the liver where they can remain dormant in **Kupffer cells.**
Liver cells are damaged (*from fluke migration*) and anaerobic conditions allow spores to germinate.
Vegetative growth results in Beta toxin production and dissemination.
231
What causes **bacillary hemoglobinuria** or **red water** disease in ruminants?
***Clostridium haemolyticum ***
## Footnote
*Phospholipase C toxin*
232
What is the leading cause of *wound infections* in farm animals?
***Clostridium septicum***
233
What is this horse suffering from?
**Malignant edema**
*Gas gangrene*
This is where a traumatic wound becomes contaminated.
Hemorrhage, edema and necrosis spread rapidly along facial planes
Developing lesion is initially painful, warm and it pits with pressure.
Gradually becomes crepitant, cold, with loss of feeling.
Death follows a period of fever, anorexia and depression.
234
What is this piglet suffering from?
**Black leg**
*Clostridium chauvoei*
Toxins and bacterial metabolism are responsible for the initial lesion.
**Seeding of tissues with spores** from intestines precedes disease in cattle.
Local lesions: edema, hemorrhage, and myofibrillar necrosis are caused by: *conditions favoring spore germination, bacterial growth and toxin production.*
235
What is Tyzzer's Disease?
**Focal liver necrosis** in foals, rabbits, hares, mice, gerbils, rats, hamsters, muskrats, dogs, cats, snow leopards and rhesus monkeys infected with:
## Footnote
***Clostridium piliforme***
236
Botulinum toxin blocks the release of what?
Acetylcholine
237
Tetanus toxin blocks the release of what?
GABA and glycine
238
With botulism you have ______ paralysis.
Flaccid
239
What is this cow suffering from?
Botulism
## Footnote
***Clostridium botulinum***
*Flaccid paralysis: muscular incoordination leading to recumbency, extrusion of the tongue and difficulty in food prehension, chewing and swallowing.*
240
What is equine grass sickness?
Type C of BoNT (Botulinum neurotoxin) is residing in biofilms on the surface of lades of grass. Horses, **especially young horses** with little of their own flora will fall ill with botulism after ingestion.
241
What is this hen suffering from?
Botulism
## Footnote
*Limberneck: which is an initial clinical sign of botulism especially in birds.*
242
Tetanus is inoculated via a _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_.
*Traumatic wound*
243
Tetanus is _________ uniform which is important in vaccine formulation.
*Antigenically*
244
Tetanus causes _________ paralysis.
*Spastic*
245
Ascending tetanus is commonly seen in what animals?
What are the features of ascending tetanus?
**Dogs and cats: not highly susceptible species.**
*Follows retrograde, intra-axonal transport of toxin along the peripheral motor nerves to the CNS.*
246
Descending tetanus is commonly seen in which species?
What are the features of descending tetanus?
**Horses and humans: highly susceptible species.**
*Effective toxin quantities are disseminated via vascular channels to nerve ending areas remote from the toxigenic site.*
247
What is this lamb suffering from?
**Tetanus**
*Clostridium tetani*
Retraction of the 3rd eyelid, erectness of the ears, grinding of the teeth, stiffness of the tail, lock jaw, sawhorse stance from rigidity of extremities, and fecal & urinary retention.
248
What is this?
***Clostridium tetani***
Gram positive, drumstick apperance, spore is terminal.
249
The **lactose positive **bacteria/coliform bacteria include what?
*E. coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella*
250
*E. coli *belongs to the Family \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
*Enterobacteriaceae*
251
T/F: *E.coli *is a non-motile Gram negative, facultative anaerobe.
**False, ***E. coli *is motile, possesses flagella but is **Gram negative and a facultative anaerobe.**
252
EHEC (Enterohemorrhagic *E. coli*) uses this toxin, _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to cause things like bloody diarrhea in calves, edema in piglets and human hemorrhagic enteritis.
*Shiga toxin*
253
What is this?
Small intestinal villi effected by *E. coli* infection.
254
Coliform mastitis in cows is caused by what?
*E. coli*
***Endotoxemia***
255
Aside from mastitis in adult cows, what are some other potential disease effects of *E. coli* in cattle?
**Scours** or collibacillosis (diarrheal disease caused by *E. coli*), this may subsequently lead to **collisepticemia.**
*Also omphalitis *(**navel ill**) *and/or* **joint ill.**
256
You are on a local farm call and see this in a young piglet, what should your first thought be?
**Edema disease: *primarly a disease of the vasculature. Edema will be present, mainly in the eyelids, but also the submucosa of the stomach and mesocolon.***
*This is mostly observed in weaned piglets.*
***Shiga toxin:** E. coli*
*_Inhibits protein synthesis by interacting with 60s ribosome._*
257
Poultry are dying in a chicken slaughterhouse and you stop by to do a post-mortem exam on one of the chickens and see this. What might you be thinking is the cause?
*Coligranuloma*
***E. coli***
*_Can also cause omphilitis (Mushy Chick) and/or colisepticemia._*
258
What are some generalized diseases associated with *E. coli *infection?
Opportunistic soft tissue infections: mastitis, wound infections, endometritis.
Urinary tract infections
Enteric infections
Septicemia
259
*Klebsiella *is most often associated with _________ infections.
Nosocomial
260
The most common bacterial isolate from non-human primates with pneumonia is _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
***Klebsiella pneumoniae***
*Below is a radiograph from a 17 y/o Rhesus macaque that had presented with coughing and hemoptysis. Pale mucous membranes, harsh lung sounds with normal heart sounds. Consolidation of the left lung field and aerophagia of the esophagus and stomach.*
261
A _____________ variant of *Klebsiella pneumoniae *has been identified in humans and subsequently in animals.
*Hypermucoviscous*
***This variant HMV, infects healthy humans and causes liver abscesses, pneumonia, meningitis and endophthalmis.***
262
T/F: *Klebsiella* are non-motile, encapsulated non-hemolytic bacteria.
**True**
263
In dogs *Klebsiella* typically causes what?
Pyometra, cystitis, prostatitis, pneumonia, meningoencephalitis, enteritis, mastitis, and hepatic abscessation.
264
In horses *Klebsiella *typically causes what?
Reproductive tract disease such as **equine metritis.**
**Navel ill and/or joint ill.**
**Neonatal septicemia in foals.**
265
Can *Klebsiella *cause mastitis in cattle?
**Yes**
266
*Shigella* is mostly found in what species?
Humans and non-human primates
267
T/F: *Shigella* needs a high # of organisms in order to cause infection.
**False, ***Shigella* needs only a very low dose of organisms (10-100) in order to cause infection.
268
*Shigella* is the causative agent of ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
*Bacillary dysentery*
***Affects the terminal ileum, colon and the rectum.***
***Causes necrohemorrhagic colitis +/- ulceration with pseudomembrane formation.***
*May also cause necrohemorrhagic periodontitis and gingivitis and arthritis. *
269
*Shigella dysenteriae *produces _______ toxin.
***Shiga** *toxin
270
What are the only 2 species of *Salmonella* of veterinary clinical significance?
*Salmonella enterica *and *Salmonella bongori*
271
*Salmonella *belong to the family\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
***Enterobacteriaceae***
272
What are the serotypes of *Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica*?
**Humans: *Typhi, Paratyphi, Sendai***
**Cattle: *Dublin***
**Pigs: *Choleraesuis***
**Poultry: *Gallinarum and Pullorum***
**Sheep: *Abortusovis***
**Horses: *Abortusequi***
273
*Salmonella *is a _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ pathogen.
***Facultative intracellular ****pathogen.*
Can cause systemic dissemination.
Mainly infects macrophages.
274
Animals with *Salmonella* can be subclinical \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Subclinical **shedders.**
## Footnote
*Salmonella typhi; _Typhoid Mary_*
275
What is pyroptosis?
Programmed cell death occuring during *Salmonella *infection associated with response to pathogen and inflammation.
276
A farmer calls you and says his calves have **explosive diarrhea**, what is the most likely cause?
***Salmonella enterica subsp enterica serotype Dublin***
*Enteric fever, enteritis, endotoxemia (endotoxin causes damage to the epithelium).*
*_Can also cause pneumonia in calves, abortion, osteomyelitis, and septicemia._*
277
Swine **enteritis** from *Salmonella* infection has similar symptoms to what?
**Hog Cholera: Classical Swine Fever**
278
What are the main diseases caused by *Salmonella*?
**Enteritis** (*Diarrhea from Cl- and H20 secretion*)
**Septicemia** (*abortion, pneumonia and arthritis*)
**Endotoxemia**
*Fibrinosuppurative, necrotizing and hemorrhagic inflammation of the distal small and large intestines and other organs. *
279
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ___ protects horses against induced endotoxemia from *Salmonella.*
**Polymyxin B**
*Low dose Polymyxin B bind to circulating endotoxin and may have therapeutic value in treating endotoxemia in horses.*
280
*Salmonellosis *is the most common infectious _______ in horses.
**Diarrhea**
281
You are doing a necropsy on a chicken and see this: ***bronzed and enlarged liver,*** *and **mottled and brittle spleen.***
## Footnote
* What is the most likely causative agent?*
* How is it transmitted?*
* What types of chickens are you more likely to observe this in?*
**Fowl Typhoid**
* Salmonella Gallinarum*
* Transovarial route: through eggs.*
Growing and mature flocks.
282
What can humans acquire from eating a potentially undercooked egg?
If chickens flocks are known to be infected with this, what is done about it?
**Salmonella enteritidis**
*Can be inside perfectly normal looking eggs.*
First and foremost removal of infected hens, but if this can't be done then...
The eggs will be pasteurized instead of being sold as Grade A shell eggs.
283
What does plague mean?
What are the 3 types of plague?
What is each type associated with?
**Black death.**
*Septicemic (**septicemia)**, Bubonic (**local lymphadenitis**) and Pneumonic (**pneumonia**)*
284
What is the **cause **of the plague?
What species are mainly assoicated with contracting the plague?
*Yersinia pestis*
Humans and domestic animals (like cats)
285
T/F: Cat and dog fleas transmit the plague.
**False, **it's wild rodents and their fleas.
## Footnote
*Replicates in the proventriculus and creates a block. The enzyme coagulase is involved in creating the block, however **at temps above 27 C Y. pestis does not produce this coagulase so there is less transmission in the summer months.***
286
Which toxin(s) is unique to *Yersinia pestis*?
**Ymt (Yersinia mouse toxin)**
*and*
**Plasminogen activator**
287
What was wrong with this Mountain Lion?
*Primary Pneumonic Plague*
***Safety pin morphology of Y. pestis***
288
In birds and rodents *Yersinia pseudotuberculosis *is associated with what?
In domestic animals and primates *Yersinia enterocolitica *is associated with what?
Mesenteric lymphadenitis
Terminal ileitis
Acute gastroenteritis
Septicemia
***Both Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica have the same symptoms in these species.***
*Outbreak in African Green Monkeys of blood diarrhea with Y. enterocolitica. *
289
T/F: *Actinobacillus* is a Gram negative rod/coccobacilli.
**True**
290
What is wrong with this cow?
**Wooden tongue**
*Actinobacillus ligneresi*
Normal inhabitant of nasopharynx.
Lesion usually caused by trauma from a plant and results in the formation of masses on the tongue.
Can spread through lymphatics and cause pyogranulomatous lymphadenitis.
Interferes with food intake: weight loss and dehydration.
291
A common cause of epididymitis in young rams is what?
***Actinobacillus seminis***
Causes purulent discharges.
292
What is wrong with this pig?
***Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae***
Typically in young pigs, \<6 months
Due to poor management conditions.
*Pigs are down with severe resp. discomfort*
**Acutely: Acute necrohemorrhagic pleuropneumonia**
**Chronicly: Fibrinous pneumonia**
293
What is wrong with this foal?
**Sleepy foal disease**
*Actinobacillus equuli subsp. equuli*
Septicemia in neonates: oral, umbilical or respiratory route in utero, during parturition or shortly after birth.
In adults causes pneumonia.
294
T/F: ***Francisella tularensis ***is highly contagious.
**True, ***and it is a reportable disease!*
295
How many subspecies of ***Francisella tularensis ***are there?
3!!!
## Footnote
***Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis***
*North America*
***Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica***
*Europe*
***Francisella tularensis subsp. mediasiatica***
*Cental Asia*
296
What are the primary hosts of ***Francisella***?
Lagomorphs (rabbits) and rodents (Prairie dogs: US)
297
***Francisella ***are facultatively \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Intracellular
**Mainly macrophages**
