New material Flashcards
1
Q
T/F: Bordetella is a Gram positive, small cocco-bacillus.
A
False, Bordetella is a Gram negative, small cocco-bacillus
2
Q
What are the 2 species of *Bordetella *that cause whooping cough in humans?
A
**Bordetella pertussis ****and
Bordetella parapertussis
3
Q
What is wrong with this pig?
A
Progressive atrophic rhinitis
Bordetella bronchiseptica
There is damage to the nasal mucosa, production of mucous, presence of DNT (dermonecrotic toxin).
Possibly co-infected with Pasteurella multocida (also produces DNT and damages osteoclasts)
B. bronchiseptica is transferred from sow to offspring whilst P. multocida is older pigs to younger pigs.
Sniffling, sneezing, progressive disease, tears, possibly blood nasal discharge. Anatomical deviation of the nose
4
Q
Where would you want to collect samples from in a pig with possible atrophic rhinitis?
A
Nose and tonsils
Clean the nose first, use a deep flexible swab.
5
Q
What is the ideal temperature for growth for B. bronchiseptica?
A
30 C, because it colonizes the upper resp tract it prefers this over 37 C.
6
Q
B. bronchiseptica in dogs causes what?
A
Kennel cough
Canine infectious tracheobronchitis
Also causes rhinitis, laryngitis, pneumonia and pleuritis.
Although there are many agents that can cause kennel cough. Also dogs may be co-infected with something else.
7
Q
What is the Bvg regulon?
A
Responsible for phase variation [virulent and non-virulent phase]. **Coordinates the production of virulence genes.
Non virulence would be: low temperature, Mg sulfate and nicotinic acid.
8
Q
B. bronchiseptica is most closely related to which other species(s) of Bordetella?
A
B. pertussis/B. parapertussis
9
Q
What is DNT?
A
Dermonecrotic toxin
- Causes skin necrosis upon injection.*
- Damages nasal tissues.*
- Damages osteoblasts.*
This is different than P. multocida DNT which damages osteoclasts!!!
10
Q
Aside from atrophic rhinitis in pigs, what else can B. bronchiseptica cause?
What are the differences with age?
A
Pneumonic bordetellosis
Age < 1 week: Primary Infection
Age >1 week: Secondary Infection
- Coughing and dyspnea in young animals.*
- Purulent bronchiolitis and alveolitis.*
11
Q
What is wrong with this turkey?
A
Turkey coryza
Bordetella avium
Rhinotracheitis: seromucus nasal discharge, sneezing, head shaking, tracheal rales, open beak respiration.
Swollen head syndrome
Transferred via floor bedding and drinking water.
12
Q
What can Bordetella cause in rabbits?
A
- Nasal discharge, sneezing, snoring, congestion, conjunctivitis, tears.*
- Can localize in the eyes and cause blindness.*
Ear infections
Abscesses
If combined with P. multocida can cause bronchopneumonia as shown below.
13
Q
T/F: Pasteurellaceae are Gram negative facultative anaerobic rods.
A
True!!!
14
Q
Most human infections with Pasteurella multocida are acquired how?
What does it cause?
What can you use to treat it?
A
Animal bites
Cellulitis, Abscesses, Septicemia, Pneumonia and Endocarditis
Penicillin
15
Q
An invasive, septicemic disease of a poultry farm has struck. It appears to be highly contagious as many birds have died and are continuing to do so; it seems that older birds are more susceptible. What is going on?
A
Fowl Cholera
Pasteurella multocida
16
Q
A local pet store has called you out because their caged rabbits have nasal discharge. You arrive and it appears the cages are very dirty and many rabbits are housed closely together. The discharge appears mucopurulent and they also have conjunctivitis and ear infections. What is the most likely cause?
A
Snuffles
Pasteurella multocida
- Recurrent mucopurulent rhinosinusitis: Catarrhal nasal discharge (is the most common sign).*
- Conjunctivitis*
- Metritis*
- Otitis media or interna*
- Genital tract diseases: orchitis, balanoposthitis, and pyometra*
17
Q
What is the difference in these cross sections of nasal turbinates with pigs infected with atrophic rhinitis?
A
On the left: you have B. bronchiseptica producing DNT this affects the osteoblasts and produces regressive atrophic rhinitis.
On the right: you have B. bronchiseptica producing DNT and Pasteurella multocida producing PMT which affects the osteoclasts and produces progressive atrophic rhinitis.
18
Q
What is the best herd treatment you can use with animals infected with Pasteurella?
A
Metaphylaxis
19
Q
What is the most frequent bacterial agent associated with bovine respiratory disease complex?
What is another term for bovine resp. dz complex?
A
Mannheimia haemolytica
previously Pasteurella haemolytica
Bovine Shipping Fever or Bovine Pneumonic “Pasteurellosis.”
Keep in mind though there are many agents that contribute to Bovine Shipping Fever both bacteria and viruses.
20
Q
What are some clinical signs and findings of Bovine Shipping Fever?
A
- Nasal discharge*
- Serous nasolacrimal discharge*
- Coughing*
- Fever*
- Dyspnea*
- Serofibrinous bronchopneumonia and pleuritis*
21
Q
What is Hemorrhagic Septicemia?
What species is it observed in?
Where is the disease carried?
A
Fatal disease in cattle and water buffalo of the tropics (not present in US).
Septicemia, Fever, Dullness, Reluctance to move, Salivation, Profuse Serous Nasal Discharge, and Edematous Swellings in the submandibular region and brisket. In calves, hemorrhagic gastroenteritis may appear.
Disease carried in tonsils and nasopharyngeal mucosa.
Types B2 and E2.
22
Q
What is Bovine and Porcine Pneumonia?
A
Fibrinous broncho- and pleuropneumonia
Occurs as part of the Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex.
Types A and D.
23
Q
T/F: Pseudomonas are Gram negative, non-motile anaerobic rods.
A
False, they are Gram negative, motile, obligately aerobic rods.
24
Q
This bacteria can easily adapt and grow in humid hospital environments such as in respirators, endotracheal tubes, and on endoscopes.
A
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
25
You have a dog with otitis externa, what are your top 2 differentials for the causative agent?
However, this dog has been on treatment and the infection is only getting worse, what other 2 agents may be present as a secondary infection?
*Staphylococcus pseudointermedius* and *Malassezia pachydermatis.*
Secondary persistence: *Proteus vulgaris* or ***Pseudomonas aeruginosa***
26
*Pseudomonas aeruginosa* mainly causes what in cats and dogs?
Skin infections: pyoderma
Cystitis
Otitis externa
Eye infections: which can lead to corneal ulcers.
27
What does* P. aeruginosa* cause in rabbits, even in the cleanest of rabbitries and why?
**Moist dermatitis**
***From automatic drinking water systems: rabbits will lay under the nipples.***
*May also cause pneumonia.*
28
In horses *P. aeruginosa *is associated with what?
**Metritis-vaginitis**
*Secondary to prolonged antimicrobial treatment or contaminated semen.*
**Keratitis-conjunctivitis **
*Following topical treatment with steroids-antibiotic mixtures.*
29
In bovine, sheep and goats, *P. aeruginosa* causes what?
**Mastitis**
In sheep it also causes fleece rot.
30
What is **Botryomycosis **and what causes it?
Rare chronic granulomatous bacterial infection.
## Footnote
*Can be caused by many different types of bacteria such as: Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Mycobacteria, E. coli, Proteus, Streptococcus, etc...*
31
In Galliformes (heavy bodied birds like turkeys) *Pseudomonas* causes what?
**Contamination of the eggs: ***Exploding eggs (H2S odor), neonatal mortality, and can be complicated by viral infections (TRT).*
32
T/F: *Taylorella equigenitalis* is a Gram negative, non-motile facultative anaerobic coccobacillus.
**True!!!**
33
*Taylorella equigenitalis* infects what species?
**Horses**
34
T/F: *T. equigenitalis* is a **notifiable disease.**
**True!!**
35
T/F: *T. equigenitalis *causes more serious illness in the stallions.
**False, ***there is no symptoms or immunity in stallions.*
36
*Taylorella equigenitalis* is causing this in a mare, what is going on here?
**Contagious Equine Metritis**
* Acute and suppurative*
* Usually self limiting*
* Highly contagious*
* Mares can become asymptomatic carriers*
* Mares will develop immunity*
37
*Taylorella equingenitalis *is exclusively found in the equine _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Genital tract
38
When collecting swabs and testing for *Taylorella* what is a critical feature?
That it reach the lab in** \<24 hrs.**
39
What is the best way to prevent the spread of *T. equigenitalis?*
Eliminate positive animals from breeding since it is an STD.
40
T/F: ***Taylorella asinigenitalis** *is another pathogenic strain of Taylorella found in horses.
**False, ***it is a non pathogenic strain found in donkeys.*
41
You are out at a dairy farm and speaking to one of the staff members who says many of the cows, mostly the calves have "pink eye" and their eyes appear to weep. You notice that the grounds are very dusty and many flies are buzzing around and landing on the cows faces. You take a swab and take it back to your hospital where you see this. What are your thoughts?
***Moraxella bovis***
* The most important species of Moraxella.*
* A Gram negative pleomorphic rod.*
* Causes **Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis or "Pink Eye".** Serous to purulent conjunctivitis and keratitis.*
* Highly infectious: spread mainly by direct contact with an infected animal or flies. Dust and sun tend to further irritate.*
42
What are some good differentials to the cows with pink eye?
* Moraxella bovoculi*
* Moraxella ovis (also assoc. with pneumonia)*
* Listeria monocytogenes*
* Bovine Herpesvirus 1 infection (IBR)*
43
All species of *Brucella* have high genetic \_\_\_\_\_\_.
Homology
44
*Brucella abortus's *target organs are what?
**Reproductive organs: **Uterus, male repro organs, udder, placenta/fetus.
**Areas of locomotion: **Articulations, tendon sheaths, and synovial bursa.
45
What is the pathogenesis of **Brucella abortus**?
Infects either the mucosa, gets ingested or enters via a wound.
Spreads to regional lymph nodes: no symptoms initially and it spreads intracellularly via macrophages. There is a 1-6 week incubation period.
Further spreads to more distant lymph nodes.
Reaches target organs.
46
What are the ways in which humans typically acquire *Brucella *and subsequentally get *Brucellosis?*
***Handling infected meat, handling after-birth or an infected fetus, or raw milk drinking (un-pasteurized milk.)***
47
When *B. abortus* infects the female reproductive tract, what can it cause?
**Abortion**
**Premature birth**
**Or may have normal parturition but the calf is a carrier.**
*Can also cause subclinical mastitis.*
48
What is the difference betwen smooth and rough *Brucella *colonies?
**Smooth colonies are _more virulent._**
***B. melitensis, B. abortus, B. suis***
**Rough colonies are _less virulent._**
***B. ovis and B. canis***
49
What is the sensitivity of a serological test?
***The chance that the test is positive when the investigated animal is effectively affected by the disease.***
***TP/TP+FN***
50
What is the specificity of a serological test?
***The chance that the test is negative in the absence of a disease.***
***TN/FN+FP***
51
What is the name of this test they are performing in a cow?
**Brucellosis CMI Skin Test**
52
Although they have eradicated *Brucella suis* in domestic pigs in the US, what animal is responsible for still carrying it in wildlife?
Wild boars
## Footnote
*So hunters should use caution when handling game meat.*
53
How many biovars are there of *Brucella suis* and which ones are responsible for pathogenicity in pigs?
5 biovars
## Footnote
*Biovars 1, 2 and 3*
54
What are symptoms of infection with *Brucella suis*?
**Reproductive diseases**: Abortion, orchitis (shown in picture), infertility, vaginitis
**Problems with locomotion**: Arthritis, tendonitis, osteomyelitis
55
What type of immunity does *Brucella *induce?
Humoral and **cell mediated immunity ***(CMI is most important b/c it is an intracellular oganism.)*
56
*Brucella melitensis and Brucella ovis* mainly infect which species?
What is a major difference between the two?
Sheep and goats
## Footnote
* B. melitensis is **zoonotic.***
* B. ovis is **non-zoonotic.***
57
T/F: *Brucella canis is non-zoonotic.*
**False, ***B. canis **is zoonotic.***
58
Some species of *Haemophilus* and *Histophilus* require what?
**Factor X** (Hemin-protoporphyrin) *and/or* **Factor V** (NAD)
59
*Staphylococcus* satellitism provides what \_\_\_\_\_.
**NAD**
60
You are doing a necropsy on a pig and the attending pathologist says that based on the fact there is so much fibrinopurulent inflammation of the pleura of the lungs, and pericardium the pig most likely had **Glasser's Disease.** What causes Glasser's and what are some key lesions aside from the aforementioned?
*Haemophilus parasuis*
***Predilection for serosal sites causing fibrinopurlent inflammation.***
*Endotoxin causes DIC which leads to microthrombi in the lung, liver and kidneys.*
**_Polyserositis, polysynovitis, and meningitis_**
61
T/F: *Haemophilus parasuis* is a commensal of the nasal cavity, tonsils, trachea and lungs of normal & healthy pigs.
**True!!!**
62
T/F: *Haemophilis parasuis* is typically spread from older piglets to younger piglets in early life.
**False,** *typically from sows to piglets at early life stages.*
63
T/F: *Histophilus somni* requires Factor X and V.
**False,** *not part of Haemophilus, doesn't really love blood.*
64
You are doing a necropsy on a calf and open up the skull to look at the brain. You observe multiple reddish necrotic foci, thrombi in blood vessels composed of leukocytes, fibrin and bacteria and your lab partner comments that looks an awful lot like **Sleeper's Syndrome.** You scatch your head trying to remember what Sleeper's really is and what causes it.....what is it more appropriately called and what bacteria is causing it?
**TEME- Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis**
* This is practically pathognomic for **Histophilus somni.***
* The bacteria adhere to the endothelial cells causing vasculitis, thrombosis, and infarction and continue replicating in the thrombus triggering an inflammatory response. You have apoptosis of the endothelial cells.*
65
With the previous calf necropsy case because you know that ***Histophilus somni*** is a multisystemic disease complex, you know another key lesions in addition to TEME would be what?
**Bronchopneumonia** (necrosuppurative)
*The pathogenesis is from hematogenous spread. It doesn't start in the resp. tract, it starts out in the blood and then travels to and localizes in the airways. This is why it is _not_ Pasteurella.*
***TEME usually occurs 1-2 weeks post-pneumonia and then death follows.***
Other lesions may be: necrotic laryngitis, myocarditis, abortion, vulvitis, vaginitis, cervicitis, endometritis, orchitis, mastitis, otitis, conjunctivitis, myelitis and arthritis.
66
What is this poor chicken suffering from?
***Fowl Coryza***
*aka Infectious Coryza*
***Avibacterium paragallinarum***
Key lesions: Swelling of infraorbital region, oculonasal discharge, swollen wattles and diarrhea.
67
T/F: *Avibacterium paragallinarum* is **X factor dependent.**
**False,** *it is **V factor dependent.***
## Footnote
***\*\*para=V factor dependent, typically but not 100% of the time.\*\****
68
As a refresher....
**Fowl coryza** is caused by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
**Fowl typhoid** is caused by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
**Fowl cholera** is caused by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
**Coryza=** *Avibacterium*
**Typhoid=** *Salmonella*
**Cholera=** *Pasteurella*
69
*Campylobacter, Helicobacter* and *Lawsonia* are all\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ animal parasites. They are also all ________ bacteria.
**Microaerophilic**
*Spiral*
70
T/F: *Campylobacter* is formerly known as *Vibrio.*
**True**
71
What species of *Campylobacter* causes **Bovine Venereal Campylobacteriosis.**
## Footnote
*How do cattle get Bovine Veneral Campylobacteriosis?*
***Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis***
*Breeding or artificial insemination with infected bull or semen, colonizes the female genital tract and leads to infertility and abortion in 10% of cows.*
72
T/F: Bulls show signs of having *Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis.*
**False,** *subclinical and found in the preputial crypts. Can be detected in smegma with preputial washes.*
73
What is recommended that be done with a farm infected with ***Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis***?
**Cull the infected bulls, and rest the infected cows for one breeding season.** Use artifical insemination until all cows in herd have had 2 successful pregnancies.
74
A sheep farmer calls you and says he has had a stroke of bad luck and all his ewes have been going through **abortions storms**, what is most likely causing this?
How did the sheep get infected with whatever is causing it?
***Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus***
*Ovine genital campylobacteriosis*
Ingestion through contaminated food and water which leads to bacteremia and subsequent inflammation of the placenta and then abortion.
*It is a commensal of the intestinal tract of sheep and cattle.*
75
A different sheep farmer calls you and says that he too has had **abortion storms** with his ewes but that he's also noticed that the farm cats and dogs have been having signs of **enterocolitis**, the chickens have too and that he and his wife have had **enterocolitis** too. He's wondering if maybe he and his wife's GI issues and the cat and dog's issue might be related to what is going on with the sheep. What are your thoughts?
***Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni***
*Yes, probably related since this species of Campylobacter causes all of these things in these appropriate species. It is also _zoonotic._*
76
You tell the sheep farmer who has been possibly sick with *Campylobacter* that complications may arise post-enterocolitis which could include what?
**Guillan-Barre Syndrome**
and
**Reactive Arthritis**
77
Which bacteria is associated with **gastric ulcers** and **gastric carcinomas**?
***Helicobater pylori***
78
T/F: *Helicobacter spp.* are urease negative.
**False,** *they're **urease positive!***
79
Which species of ***Helicobacter*** have been known to naturally colonize the stomachs of **dogs and cats** and have been linked to **gastritis, ulcers and lymphoma** in **people.**
***H. canis, H. felis* and *H. heilmannii***
80
What are 2 species of **mouse** pathogens involved in **hepatic necrosis, non-suppurative hepatitis and hepatocellular tumors**
***Helicobacter hepaticus and Helicobacter bilis***
81
You are doing a necropsy on a pig and notice the thickened ileal mucosa and inside there is a bloody cast of the ileal lumen. There is also a gyrate pattern of projections and depressions in the distal ileum. What do you think is causing this?
**Porcine proliferative enteropathy**
***Lawsonia intracellularis***
*An intracellular bacteria that replicates only in the apical cytoplasm of enterocytes.*
82
***Lawsonia intracellularis*** can **only** be cultured in ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Enterocyte cell lines
83
***Vibrio*** is associated with _______ habitats,
whereas...
***Aeromonas*** is associated with _____ \_\_\_\_ habitats.
**Virbrio= *Marine***
**Aeromonas= *Fresh water***
84
What is causing **red leg** in this frog?
***Aeromonas hydrophila***
85
What is causing **furunculosis** in this salmonid?
***Aeromonas salmonicida***
86
What is **unique** **to spirochetes** which makes it different from spiral bacteria?
**It possesses an endoflagella!!! aka Axial filament!!!**
* Endoflagella inserts at the end of the protoplasmic cylinder.*
* The flagella is in the periplasmic space.*
87
What are the 3 families under the *Order Spirochaetales?*
**Family Brachyspiraceae**
*Brachyspira*
**Family Spirochaetaceae**
* Borrelia (Lyme Disease)*
* Treponema (Syphillis)*
**Family Leptospiraceae**
*Leptospira (Leptospirosis)*
88
You are doing a necropsy on a pig who your instructor says had **swine dysentery,** you notice that the pig is relatively young, maybe 8 weeks and that the lesions are in the **large intestines only with a sharp line of demarcation at the ileocecal junction.** Your morphological diagnosis is **fibrinonecrotic pseudomembranous colitits.** What is the name of this bacteria and how did the pig contract this?
***Brachyspira hyodysenteriae***
* Fecal-oral route*
* Common with grower and finisher pigs 8-16 weeks.*
***_This presentation can look very similar to Salmonella._***
89
What is the species of *Brachyspira* that causes intestinal spirochetosis (bloody diarrhea, dehydration and weight loss) in humans and animals?
***Brachyspira pilosicoli***
90
The lesions associated with ***Brachyspira*** are elongated hyper plastic _______ which may be dilated and contain necrotic debris and abundant \_\_\_\_\_\_.
Elongated hyper plastic **crypts.**
Abundant **mucous.**
91
One of the major stains used to demonstrated ***Brachyspira*** is?
**Victoria Blue**
92
T/F: *Brachyspira hyodysenteriae* is strongly beta hemolytic.
**True!!!**
93
You are on a farm call at a dairy industry practice and some of the cows have **increasing lameness**, a **drop in milk yield** and are **not reproducing well**. What are your thoughts on what it could be?
**Hairy Heel Warts (HHW)**
aka *Papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD)*
aka Strawberry Foot Disease
***Treponema spp. (possibly T. brennaborense)***
94
What does ***Treponema pallidum*** cause in humans?
What is the good thing about the disease that it causees?
**Syphillis**
*Cannot be cultivated in vitro*
*_It can easily be treated with Penicillin._*
95
A "rabbit breeder" brings one of her rabbits to you and says he has these **perineal and facial lesions (erosions, ulcers, edema and erythema)** and she is not sure what is going on, she also notes that a few others have it too, your first thought is that it might be what?
***Rabbit syphillis***
*aka Vent Disease*
***Treponema paraluis-cuniculi***
Typically is self limiting.
Spread by direct or venereal contact.
96
What is **Weil's Syndrome** in humans?
*Leptospirosis* with **icterus** and **renal failure.**
97
T/F: You would be able to observe *Leptospira* on a regular light microscope using a Gram stain.
**False,** *it would be difficult, you would need to use dark-field microscopy.*
Dr. Rajeev also thinks it's the most beautiful bacteria.
98
What are the differences between *Leptospira biflexa* and *Leptospira interrogans*?
**Biflexa=** free living saprophyte
and
**Interrogans=** animal parasite
99
Pathogenic species of *Leptospira* are maintained in ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ or ______ \_\_\_\_\_ of reservoir animals.
**Renal tubules or genital tract**
100
Reservoir animals for *Leptospira* excrete the bacteria through _______ and contaminate the environment.
**Urine**
101
Reservoir hosts are asymptomatic or only show mild illness for *Leptospira* shed _____ numbers of organisms in urine and yield ______ to ______ titers.
What is the main reservoir and zoonotic threat?
**High** numbers of organisms
**Negative** to **low** titers.
***Rats!!!!***
102
Incidental hosts are symptomatic for disease with *Leptospira* and have a ____ antibody titer and unlike reservoir animals do not maintain the organism in their \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. There is little ______ risk with incidental hosts.
**High** antibody titer.
Do not maintain in **kidneys.**
Little **zoonotic** risk with incidental hosts.
*Dogs, humans and any other animals can be incidental hosts.*
103
For *Leptospiral* serovar **Canicola** the maintenace host is a \_\_\_\_\_\_.
**Dog**
104
For *Leptospiral* serovar **Pomona** the maintenance host(s) are what?
**Pigs, cattle, opposums and skunks.**
105
For *Leptospiral* serovar **Grippotyphosa** the maintenace host(s) are what?
**Raccoons and muskrats**
106
For *Leptospiral* serovar **Hardjo** the maintenace host(s) are what?
**Cattle and sheep.**
107
For *Leptospiral* serovar **Icterohaemorrhagiae** what is the maintenace host?
**Rats!!!**
108
For *Leptospiral* serovar **Bratislava** what are the maintenance host(s)?
**Pigs, mice and horses**
109
What are the 2 outcomes of an incidental host infected with *Leptospira*?
**Severe disease and possibly death.**
**Recover with short term shedding in the urine.**
110
T/F: *Leptospira* is a monophasic infection.
**False,** it is a **biphasic** infection.
111
The diagnostic tests used for *Leptospira* depend on what?
**What stage the animal is in.**
112
In dogs, some signs of *Leptospirosis* include what?
**Renal or hepatic injury (With renal failure may have: PU/PD, dehydration, V/D, inappetance, lethargy or abdominal pain. Oliguria or anuria is also possible. With hepatic failure may have icterus.)**
**Uveitis**
**Pulmonary hemorrhage (this can prove deadly)**
**Abortion**
**Pancreatitis**
**DIC**
113
What is considered the **gold standard test** when testing for *Leptospira*?
**MAT:** *Microscopic agglutination test*
_Reported to be Serovar specific but **cross-reactivity is very common**. e.g. Paradoxical titers in acute cases. At 6-7 weeks will concentrate into which serovar it actually is._
114
Even though **MAT** is considered the gold standard test, it is always referred to as **fool's gold**, why?
*With MAT you need to take the stage of disease into consideration, PCR would be more sensitive and desirable.*
115
Oral ulcers can be associated with what?
***Renal failure***
116
What is the main antibiotic used for *Leptospira* during the acute stage of disease?
**Penicillin**
**Also can use another β-lactam antibiotic like Ampicillin or Amoxicillin.**
117
What is the main antibiotic used for *Leptospira* to minimize the carrier state or to give to a patient post-exposure on a prophylactic basis?
**Doxycycline**
118
The primary protective immunity against *Leptospira* is?
**Humoral, *it is mediated through antibodies.***
119
Due to specificity, cross reactions, and weak reactivity of some serovars, agglutinating antibody titers are not predictive of what?
**Protection or urinary shedding.**
120
A less severe form of *Leptospira* in ruminants is what?
**Milk drop syndrome:**
With agalactia and blood tinged milk.
121
What is the best way to collect urine for sampling of *Leptospira* in cattle?
Using **Lasix aka Furosimide** a diuretic and then catching a **2nd or 3rd void** urine **mid-stream** so that the kidneys are getting flushed of the organism if they are present.
122
Under what conditions should you ship samples for *Leptospira* diagnostics?
Overnight with refridgeration
123
Chronically infected cows with *Leptospira* have _____ titers.
What types of cows are more likely to have *Leptospira*?
**Low**
**Beef herds**
124
What are the main clinical symptoms associated with *Leptospirosis* in equines?
**Abortions**
**Systemic illness**
_**Recurrent uveitis *(Moon Blindness)***_
125
What are the main clinical symptoms of *Leptospirosis* in pigs?
**Infertility**
**Sporadic abortion**
126
What are the main clinical symptoms of *Leptospirosis* in humans?
Ranges from influenza-like illness
to
Hepatic and renal failure (**Weil's Disease**)
127
*Borrelia* is transmitted via an _______ vector.
**Arthropod**
128
What type of chromosome does *Borrelia* have?
**Linear**
129
Antigenic variation of *Borrelia* is associated with what?
**Major outer surface lipoproteins.**
*This is a major virulence factor. They change outer membrane proteins depending on the host. Can hide from the immune response and travel safely through the body.*
_This is cell associated._
130
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ _______ occurs post-infection with *Borrelia* due to selective pressures of antibodies.
**Antigenic variation**
*These concepts are applied to making vaccines for Lyme Disease.*
131
Osp C to Osp A occurs where?
Osp A to Osp C occur where?
**C to A** *occurs in the midgut and culture*
**A to C** *occurs in the salivary gland.*
132
An owner brings in their dog a few days after camping and says that she noticed this on the dog's skin after she had effectively removed a tick while away on vacation. She is worried the dog may now have something, what are your suspicions?
What would you do for this dog?
**Canine Lyme Disease**
is a real possibility caused by *B. burgdorferi*
However clinical signs don't usually develop until 2-5 months post-exposure and those signs would include: **fever, acute arthritis, arthralgia and lameness. Sometimes accompanied by anorexia, lethargy and depression. Involvement of the CNS, heart, renal lesions and uveitis are less frequently reported.**
*Can start prophylactic treatment with Doxycycline.*
133
What is considered the first sign of Lyme Disease in humans?
**Erythema migrans**
134
What types of ticks can transmit Lyme Disease?
**Ixodes (scapularis~*eastern US,* pacificus~*western US)*** *hard tick and a slow feeder. _Low density in the blood._*
**and**
***Ornithodoros hermsi*** *soft tick and a fast feeder. _High density in the blood._*
135
What is the shortened version of the life cycle of Lyme Disease?
**Uninfected tick larva** bite an infected host **(rodent or bird**) in the **spring or summer months.**
Infected larva becomes an **infected nymph** which then becomes an **infected adult.**
Infected adult then bites an uninfected host (**deer, dog or human**) in **winter or fall months.**
**Life cycle is completed** when adults **lay more eggs.**
136
How would you diagnose Lyme Disease?
**Direct examination/detection**
although this is difficult due to small #'s and slow growth.
*FA, Darkfield, Silver Stain, Culture*
137
*Borrelia burgdorferi* proteins are differentially expressed i.e. protein expression differs while the bacteria are in the tick, mammalian host and in culture. However what is the only protein present in the vaccine?
**31 kDa**
138
For dogs, what is the best way to test for Lyme?
**Idexx**
***SNAP test (EIA)***
***Quantitative C6 ELISA***
Looks for synthetic C6 peptide
139
The Lyme Vaccine for dogs is a **bacterin, ______ \_\_\_\_ ___ vaccine.**
**Subunit Osp A**
*Neutralizes the organism in the midgut of the tick after tick has taken a blood meal.*
*_Interferes with Osp A to Osp C conversion._*
140
*Chlamydia* is an obligate ______ pathogen and has a Gram _____ cell wall.
When treating *Chlamydia* it is susceptible to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
**Intracellular**
Gram **negative**
**Tetracyclines**
*In this way it is similar to Rickettsiales*
141
*Chlamydia* replicates in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which may be observed as cytoplasmic \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
**Phagosomes**
Cytoplasmic **inclusions**
*In this way it is similar to Anaplasmataceae*
142
*Chlamydia* have a ________ life cycle.
Intracellular replicating form: _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_.
Extracellular replicating form: _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_.
**Dimorphic life cycle**
**Intracellular:** *reticulate body*
**Extracellular:** *elementary body*
143
Describe the structure of the **reticulate body**.
* Intracellular replication*
* \>1 μm and **_non-infectious._***
_Divides via binary fission._
**Matures into smaller elementary bodies.**
***Metabolically active, so cytoplasm full of 70S ribosomes***
144
Describe the structure of the **elementary body.**
* Extracellular replication*
* 0.3 μ and **_Infectious!!!!!_***
Functions as a tough **spore-like body** whose purpose is to allow survival in the environment.
*Strength of envelope is from **major outer membrane protein** and other cystein rich proteins.*
Fine projections from surface extend through pores within _"rosettes."_
145
How does *Chlamydial* **elementary bodies** attach to the host cell?
**Microvilli**
146
You are on an exotics rotation and Mrs. Little has brought in her **parrot** Zeke because he's fallen quite ill. You shoot some radiographs and note that there is **hepatomegaly and splenomegaly**. You immediately become concerned because you think Zeke may have what?
**Avian Chlamydiosis**
*Chlamydia psittaci*
***This is a zoonotic disease!!!***
***_This is a reportable disease: Biosafety Level 3_***
**Major signs include: hepato- and splenomegaly, and fibrinous pericarditis.**
147
A small farm reports that **lambs and calves** of theirs appear **stiff** and that they've had **locomotive issues** and **postural behavioral disturabances.** You ask the farm owner's permission to cull one of the sick lambs as a sacrifice to the rest and on necropsy find **polyarthritis, polyserositis and meningitis.** You suspect these calves and lambs have what?
***Chlamydia pecorum***
Lambs have a lower mortality rate than the calves do.
In cows you can get **_Sporadic Bovine Encephalomyelitis_** which might be the reason for the locomotive and behavioral disturbances.
148
*Chlamydia abortus* is associated with what type of infection?
**Abortion in ruminants**
**Enzootic abortion of ewes. (EAE)**
149
***Chlamydia felis** causes what and what are the most common clinical signs?*
**Feline pneumonitis**
*Conjunctivitis and rhinitis*
150
***Chlamydia trachomatis*** causes what?
**Human Chlamydiosis (STD)**
151
What is the most important type of immunity with ***Chlamydia***?
**Cell mediated immunity**
152
***Class Mollicutes*** *or Mycoplasmas are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_-like organisms. They are also the smallest free living _______ and lack a ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_. They are **not susceptible** to this type of antibiotic: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.*
**Pleuropneumonia-**like organisms
Smallest free living **prokaryotes.**
Lack a **cell wall.**
Not susceptible to **β-lactam** antibiotics.
153
The ***Family Mycoplasmataceae*** *inhabit the _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Most are host _______ and they require an exogenous source of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. They include 2 genuses: Genus ________ (which most require glucose or arginine) and Genus ________ (which most require urea.)*
Inhabit the **mucous membranes.**
Host **specific.**
Require an exogenous source of **cholesterol.**
2 genuses: Genus **Mycoplasma** (most require glucose or arginine) and Genus **Ureaplasma** (most require uea)
154
T/F: Mycoplasmas are **pleomorphic** bacteria.
**True!!!!**
155
Most *Mycoplasma* colonies have a what type of appearance?
**Fried-egg** appearance.
156
T/F: *Mycoplasma* diseases are typically **chronic** with long incubation periods and mild clinical signs, often **subclincal and activated when host resistance is lowered by stress or concurrent infections.**
**True!!!**
157
***Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides*** *is associated with what?*
**Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumoniae**
*You have extensive consolidation with marbled appearance due to edematous interlobular septa and fibrinopurulent exudate on surface.*
158
This bacteria causes **mastitis** (drop in milk production, milk becomes thickened and intermixed with watery and purlent secretions the udders may also be swollen), **pneumonia** and/or **arthritis** (severe inflammation of the joint capsule) in cattle and is part of the **Shipping Fever Complex**, what it is?
**Mycoplasma bovis**
*Micro abscesses may also be present throughout lungs.*
159
***Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae*** *causes what?*
**Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumoniae**
***This is a reportable disease!!!***
_Causes septicemia, arthritis and mastitis._
160
A local poultry farm reports that there has been **chronic respiratory disease in both their chickens and turkeys:** consisting of coughing, nasal discharge, tracheal rales, sinusitis with production of thick mucoid exudate, air sacculitis and a drop in egg production. What is most likely going on with these birds and how did they contract it?
***Mycoplasma gallisepticum***
*Transmitted both horizontally and vertically*
*_This is a reportable disease!!!_*
161
What causes **enzootic pneumonia** in pigs and what are the signs?
***Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae***
* Hyo=pig, or usually so.*
* Chronic respiratory disease, pigs are unthrifty and have retarded growth.*
162
***Mycoplasma agalactiae*** *causes what in sheep and goats?*
**Contagious agalactia**
*Reportable Disease!!!*
Febrile mastitis, arthritis and conjunctivitis
163
**Hemocytotrophic *Mycoplasma*** *is formerly known as what?*
***Hemobartonella***
164
A cat comes in to your clinic **depresed** with **weakness** and with a **fever**; the cat also appears **icteric**. You pull a blood sample which reveals **anemia**. You also make a blood smear and under the microscope this is what you see. What do you think?
**Feline Infectious Anemia**
***Mycoplasma haemofelis***
*formerly Hemobartonella felis*
*_Principle target cells are RBCs._*
165
You are called out to a private farm where the owner's beloved pet pig Ruby has been extremely **weak** and has a **high fever**. Ruby also looks **icteric** to you so you decide to pull some blood and run it back to your clinic and tell the owner you'll call him when you know more. CBC (complete blood count) reveals **anemia** and the smear reveals this. You phone Mr. Smith to tell him Ruby has what?
**Eperythrozoonosis**
***Mycoplasma haemosuis***
*Best way to diagnosis is a CBC (which we did) or a Coombs test or through microscopic detection (which we also did.)*
166
*Mycoplasma synoviae* *causes what?*
**Synovitis** resulting in lameness, **swollen joints.**
Retarded growth
167
The *Order Rickettsiales* is an obligate _______ Gram-negative bacteria.
There are 2 major families under this order which are: Family ________ and Family \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
**Intracellular**
Family **Anaplasmataceae**
Family **Rickettsiaceae**
168
What are the 3 genuses beneath *Family Anaplasmataceae?*
**Genus Anaplasma**
**Genus Ehrlichia**
**Genus Neorickettsia**
169
The Genus **Anaplasma** are Gram-negative small coccoid-ellipsoid bacteria that live within cytoplasmic vacuoles of _______ cells, ________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
**Myeloid cells, neutrophils and erythrocytes.**
170
The Genus **Anaplasma** may cause what?
**Anemia, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia.**
171
Genus **Anaplasma** may be single or in _________ (bacterial packets).
**Morulae**
172
***Anaplasma marginale*** causes what?
**Bovine Anaplasmosis**
* This is a reportable disease!!!*
* Biologic transmission with hard ticks: **Boophilus, Dermacentor, Ixodes and Rhipicephalus.***
* Mechanical transmission (less common): biting flies or contaminated fomites.*
*_Bacteria are endocytosed by RBCs and it causes **anemia.**_*
***Causes persistent infection, undulating febrile disease, and anemia.***
*Tetracyclines effective.*
173
***Anaplasma phagocytophilum*** *causes what?*
**Human/Equine/Canine granulocytic anaplasmosis**
**Tick borne fever**
* Spread via the deer tick, **Ixodes (scapularis or pacificus).***
* Infects neutrophils primarily and eosinophils.*
* Clinical signs: Fever, depression, inappetance, anemia, edema, ataxia, icterus, drop in milk yield, abortions and leukopenia.*
***Pathological findings are hepato- and splenomegaly.***
***_Antigenic variability._***
174
***Anaplasma platys*** causes what?
**Infectious canine cyclic thrombocytopenia**
* Co-infections with Ehrlichia canis is common.*
* Transmitted via Rhipicephalus and Dermacentor ticks.*
175
***Rickettsia rickettsii** causes what?*
**Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever**
* Seen in dogs and humans.*
* Wood tick and American dog tick transmit.*
* Mainly in eastern N. America*
* Damages endothelial cell membranes*
* Clinical signs: High fever, anorexia, V/D, petechia, or ecchymotic mucous membranes, edema, tenderness over lymph nodes, joints and muscles, severe necrosis in extremeties. Thrombocytopenia and leukpenia.*
* Causes: **vasculitis, hemorrhages and edema.***
***_No vaccines available_***
176
***Coxiella burnetti*** *causes what?*
**Q fever**
*Ruminants: sheep, cattle and goats.*
***Zoonotic***
* Bioweaponized, reportable!!!*
* Persist particularly in lactating mammary gland and pregnant uterus: shedding of bacteria occurs.*
***Not classically transmitted via a vector, it is _aerosolized._***
***Very low infectious dose***
***Endocarditis with chronicity.***
177
***Ehrlichia canis*** causes what?
**Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis**
Brown dog tick transmits
Binary fission within monocytes
Signs include: *fever, malaise, depression, inappetance, weight loss, pale mm's, lymphadenopathy, epistaxis, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia and anemia. Chronically can have dyspnea, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, polyarthritis, CNS disturbances, and pulmoary infiltration, +/- 2ndary infections.*
178
What is **African Heartwater** caused by?
***Ehrlichia ruminantium***
*Reportable Disease!!!!*
***Replicates in reticuloendothelial cells:** macrophages, **endothelial cells (edema and hemorrhage),** and neutrophils*
*Widespread vasculitis with effusion: pericardial effusion, and encephalitis can occur. Enlarged spleen, liver and lymph nodes and bone marrow depression.*
