New material Flashcards
T/F: Bordetella is a Gram positive, small cocco-bacillus.
False, Bordetella is a Gram negative, small cocco-bacillus
What are the 2 species of *Bordetella *that cause whooping cough in humans?
**Bordetella pertussis ****and
Bordetella parapertussis
What is wrong with this pig?
Progressive atrophic rhinitis
Bordetella bronchiseptica
There is damage to the nasal mucosa, production of mucous, presence of DNT (dermonecrotic toxin).
Possibly co-infected with Pasteurella multocida (also produces DNT and damages osteoclasts)
B. bronchiseptica is transferred from sow to offspring whilst P. multocida is older pigs to younger pigs.
Sniffling, sneezing, progressive disease, tears, possibly blood nasal discharge. Anatomical deviation of the nose
Where would you want to collect samples from in a pig with possible atrophic rhinitis?
Nose and tonsils
Clean the nose first, use a deep flexible swab.
What is the ideal temperature for growth for B. bronchiseptica?
30 C, because it colonizes the upper resp tract it prefers this over 37 C.
B. bronchiseptica in dogs causes what?
Kennel cough
Canine infectious tracheobronchitis
Also causes rhinitis, laryngitis, pneumonia and pleuritis.
Although there are many agents that can cause kennel cough. Also dogs may be co-infected with something else.
What is the Bvg regulon?
Responsible for phase variation [virulent and non-virulent phase]. **Coordinates the production of virulence genes.
Non virulence would be: low temperature, Mg sulfate and nicotinic acid.
B. bronchiseptica is most closely related to which other species(s) of Bordetella?
B. pertussis/B. parapertussis
What is DNT?
Dermonecrotic toxin
- Causes skin necrosis upon injection.*
- Damages nasal tissues.*
- Damages osteoblasts.*
This is different than P. multocida DNT which damages osteoclasts!!!
Aside from atrophic rhinitis in pigs, what else can B. bronchiseptica cause?
What are the differences with age?
Pneumonic bordetellosis
Age < 1 week: Primary Infection
Age >1 week: Secondary Infection
- Coughing and dyspnea in young animals.*
- Purulent bronchiolitis and alveolitis.*
What is wrong with this turkey?
Turkey coryza
Bordetella avium
Rhinotracheitis: seromucus nasal discharge, sneezing, head shaking, tracheal rales, open beak respiration.
Swollen head syndrome
Transferred via floor bedding and drinking water.
What can Bordetella cause in rabbits?
- Nasal discharge, sneezing, snoring, congestion, conjunctivitis, tears.*
- Can localize in the eyes and cause blindness.*
Ear infections
Abscesses
If combined with P. multocida can cause bronchopneumonia as shown below.
T/F: Pasteurellaceae are Gram negative facultative anaerobic rods.
True!!!
Most human infections with Pasteurella multocida are acquired how?
What does it cause?
What can you use to treat it?
Animal bites
Cellulitis, Abscesses, Septicemia, Pneumonia and Endocarditis
Penicillin
An invasive, septicemic disease of a poultry farm has struck. It appears to be highly contagious as many birds have died and are continuing to do so; it seems that older birds are more susceptible. What is going on?
Fowl Cholera
Pasteurella multocida
A local pet store has called you out because their caged rabbits have nasal discharge. You arrive and it appears the cages are very dirty and many rabbits are housed closely together. The discharge appears mucopurulent and they also have conjunctivitis and ear infections. What is the most likely cause?
Snuffles
Pasteurella multocida
- Recurrent mucopurulent rhinosinusitis: Catarrhal nasal discharge (is the most common sign).*
- Conjunctivitis*
- Metritis*
- Otitis media or interna*
- Genital tract diseases: orchitis, balanoposthitis, and pyometra*
What is the difference in these cross sections of nasal turbinates with pigs infected with atrophic rhinitis?
On the left: you have B. bronchiseptica producing DNT this affects the osteoblasts and produces regressive atrophic rhinitis.
On the right: you have B. bronchiseptica producing DNT and Pasteurella multocida producing PMT which affects the osteoclasts and produces progressive atrophic rhinitis.
What is the best herd treatment you can use with animals infected with Pasteurella?
Metaphylaxis
What is the most frequent bacterial agent associated with bovine respiratory disease complex?
What is another term for bovine resp. dz complex?
Mannheimia haemolytica
previously Pasteurella haemolytica
Bovine Shipping Fever or Bovine Pneumonic “Pasteurellosis.”
Keep in mind though there are many agents that contribute to Bovine Shipping Fever both bacteria and viruses.
What are some clinical signs and findings of Bovine Shipping Fever?
- Nasal discharge*
- Serous nasolacrimal discharge*
- Coughing*
- Fever*
- Dyspnea*
- Serofibrinous bronchopneumonia and pleuritis*
What is Hemorrhagic Septicemia?
What species is it observed in?
Where is the disease carried?
Fatal disease in cattle and water buffalo of the tropics (not present in US).
Septicemia, Fever, Dullness, Reluctance to move, Salivation, Profuse Serous Nasal Discharge, and Edematous Swellings in the submandibular region and brisket. In calves, hemorrhagic gastroenteritis may appear.
Disease carried in tonsils and nasopharyngeal mucosa.
Types B2 and E2.
What is Bovine and Porcine Pneumonia?
Fibrinous broncho- and pleuropneumonia
Occurs as part of the Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex.
Types A and D.
T/F: Pseudomonas are Gram negative, non-motile anaerobic rods.
False, they are Gram negative, motile, obligately aerobic rods.
This bacteria can easily adapt and grow in humid hospital environments such as in respirators, endotracheal tubes, and on endoscopes.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
You have a dog with otitis externa, what are your top 2 differentials for the causative agent?
However, this dog has been on treatment and the infection is only getting worse, what other 2 agents may be present as a secondary infection?
Staphylococcus pseudointermedius and Malassezia pachydermatis.
Secondary persistence: Proteus vulgaris or Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa mainly causes what in cats and dogs?
Skin infections: pyoderma
Cystitis
Otitis externa
Eye infections: which can lead to corneal ulcers.
What does* P. aeruginosa* cause in rabbits, even in the cleanest of rabbitries and why?
Moist dermatitis
From automatic drinking water systems: rabbits will lay under the nipples.
May also cause pneumonia.
In horses *P. aeruginosa *is associated with what?
Metritis-vaginitis
Secondary to prolonged antimicrobial treatment or contaminated semen.
**Keratitis-conjunctivitis **
Following topical treatment with steroids-antibiotic mixtures.
In bovine, sheep and goats, P. aeruginosa causes what?
Mastitis
In sheep it also causes fleece rot.
What is **Botryomycosis **and what causes it?
Rare chronic granulomatous bacterial infection.
Can be caused by many different types of bacteria such as: Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Mycobacteria, E. coli, Proteus, Streptococcus, etc…
In Galliformes (heavy bodied birds like turkeys) Pseudomonas causes what?
Contamination of the eggs: **Exploding eggs (H2S odor), neonatal mortality, and can be complicated by viral infections (TRT).
T/F: Taylorella equigenitalis is a Gram negative, non-motile facultative anaerobic coccobacillus.
True!!!
Taylorella equigenitalis infects what species?
Horses
T/F: T. equigenitalis is a notifiable disease.
True!!
T/F: *T. equigenitalis *causes more serious illness in the stallions.
False, **there is no symptoms or immunity in stallions.
Taylorella equigenitalis is causing this in a mare, what is going on here?
Contagious Equine Metritis
- Acute and suppurative*
- Usually self limiting*
- Highly contagious*
- Mares can become asymptomatic carriers*
- Mares will develop immunity*
*Taylorella equingenitalis *is exclusively found in the equine _______ _______.
Genital tract
When collecting swabs and testing for Taylorella what is a critical feature?
That it reach the lab in** <24 hrs.**
What is the best way to prevent the spread of T. equigenitalis?
Eliminate positive animals from breeding since it is an STD.
T/F: *Taylorella asinigenitalis *is another pathogenic strain of Taylorella found in horses.
False, **it is a non pathogenic strain found in donkeys.
You are out at a dairy farm and speaking to one of the staff members who says many of the cows, mostly the calves have “pink eye” and their eyes appear to weep. You notice that the grounds are very dusty and many flies are buzzing around and landing on the cows faces. You take a swab and take it back to your hospital where you see this. What are your thoughts?
Moraxella bovis
- The most important species of Moraxella.*
- A Gram negative pleomorphic rod.*
- Causes Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis or “Pink Eye”. Serous to purulent conjunctivitis and keratitis.*
- Highly infectious: spread mainly by direct contact with an infected animal or flies. Dust and sun tend to further irritate.*
What are some good differentials to the cows with pink eye?
- Moraxella bovoculi*
- Moraxella ovis (also assoc. with pneumonia)*
- Listeria monocytogenes*
- Bovine Herpesvirus 1 infection (IBR)*
All species of Brucella have high genetic ______.
Homology
*Brucella abortus’s *target organs are what?
**Reproductive organs: **Uterus, male repro organs, udder, placenta/fetus.
**Areas of locomotion: **Articulations, tendon sheaths, and synovial bursa.
What is the pathogenesis of Brucella abortus?
Infects either the mucosa, gets ingested or enters via a wound.
Spreads to regional lymph nodes: no symptoms initially and it spreads intracellularly via macrophages. There is a 1-6 week incubation period.
Further spreads to more distant lymph nodes.
Reaches target organs.
What are the ways in which humans typically acquire *Brucella *and subsequentally get Brucellosis?
Handling infected meat, handling after-birth or an infected fetus, or raw milk drinking (un-pasteurized milk.)
When B. abortus infects the female reproductive tract, what can it cause?
Abortion
Premature birth
Or may have normal parturition but the calf is a carrier.
Can also cause subclinical mastitis.
What is the difference betwen smooth and rough *Brucella *colonies?
Smooth colonies are more virulent.
B. melitensis, B. abortus, B. suis
Rough colonies are less virulent.
B. ovis and B. canis
What is the sensitivity of a serological test?
The chance that the test is positive when the investigated animal is effectively affected by the disease.
TP/TP+FN
What is the specificity of a serological test?
The chance that the test is negative in the absence of a disease.
TN/FN+FP
What is the name of this test they are performing in a cow?
Brucellosis CMI Skin Test
Although they have eradicated Brucella suis in domestic pigs in the US, what animal is responsible for still carrying it in wildlife?
Wild boars
So hunters should use caution when handling game meat.
How many biovars are there of Brucella suis and which ones are responsible for pathogenicity in pigs?
5 biovars
Biovars 1, 2 and 3
What are symptoms of infection with Brucella suis?
Reproductive diseases: Abortion, orchitis (shown in picture), infertility, vaginitis
Problems with locomotion: Arthritis, tendonitis, osteomyelitis
What type of immunity does *Brucella *induce?
Humoral and cell mediated immunity **(CMI is most important b/c it is an intracellular oganism.)
Brucella melitensis and Brucella ovis mainly infect which species?
What is a major difference between the two?
Sheep and goats
- B. melitensis is zoonotic.*
- B. ovis is non-zoonotic.*
T/F: Brucella canis is non-zoonotic.
False, **B. canis is zoonotic.
Some species of Haemophilus and Histophilus require what?
Factor X (Hemin-protoporphyrin) and/or Factor V (NAD)
Staphylococcus satellitism provides what _____.
NAD
You are doing a necropsy on a pig and the attending pathologist says that based on the fact there is so much fibrinopurulent inflammation of the pleura of the lungs, and pericardium the pig most likely had Glasser’s Disease. What causes Glasser’s and what are some key lesions aside from the aforementioned?
Haemophilus parasuis
Predilection for serosal sites causing fibrinopurlent inflammation.
Endotoxin causes DIC which leads to microthrombi in the lung, liver and kidneys.
Polyserositis, polysynovitis, and meningitis
T/F: Haemophilus parasuis is a commensal of the nasal cavity, tonsils, trachea and lungs of normal & healthy pigs.
True!!!
T/F: Haemophilis parasuis is typically spread from older piglets to younger piglets in early life.
False, typically from sows to piglets at early life stages.
T/F: Histophilus somni requires Factor X and V.
False, not part of Haemophilus, doesn’t really love blood.
You are doing a necropsy on a calf and open up the skull to look at the brain. You observe multiple reddish necrotic foci, thrombi in blood vessels composed of leukocytes, fibrin and bacteria and your lab partner comments that looks an awful lot like Sleeper’s Syndrome. You scatch your head trying to remember what Sleeper’s really is and what causes it…..what is it more appropriately called and what bacteria is causing it?
TEME- Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis
- This is practically pathognomic for Histophilus somni.*
- The bacteria adhere to the endothelial cells causing vasculitis, thrombosis, and infarction and continue replicating in the thrombus triggering an inflammatory response. You have apoptosis of the endothelial cells.*
With the previous calf necropsy case because you know that Histophilus somni is a multisystemic disease complex, you know another key lesions in addition to TEME would be what?
Bronchopneumonia (necrosuppurative)
The pathogenesis is from hematogenous spread. It doesn’t start in the resp. tract, it starts out in the blood and then travels to and localizes in the airways. This is why it is not Pasteurella.
TEME usually occurs 1-2 weeks post-pneumonia and then death follows.
Other lesions may be: necrotic laryngitis, myocarditis, abortion, vulvitis, vaginitis, cervicitis, endometritis, orchitis, mastitis, otitis, conjunctivitis, myelitis and arthritis.
What is this poor chicken suffering from?
Fowl Coryza
aka Infectious Coryza
Avibacterium paragallinarum
Key lesions: Swelling of infraorbital region, oculonasal discharge, swollen wattles and diarrhea.
T/F: Avibacterium paragallinarum is X factor dependent.
False, it is V factor dependent.
**para=V factor dependent, typically but not 100% of the time.**
As a refresher….
Fowl coryza is caused by _______.
Fowl typhoid is caused by _______.
Fowl cholera is caused by _______.
Coryza= Avibacterium
Typhoid= Salmonella
Cholera= Pasteurella
Campylobacter, Helicobacter and Lawsonia are all_________ animal parasites. They are also all ________ bacteria.
Microaerophilic
Spiral
T/F: Campylobacter is formerly known as Vibrio.
True
What species of Campylobacter causes Bovine Venereal Campylobacteriosis.
How do cattle get Bovine Veneral Campylobacteriosis?
Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis
Breeding or artificial insemination with infected bull or semen, colonizes the female genital tract and leads to infertility and abortion in 10% of cows.
You are doing a necropsy on a pig and notice the thickened ileal mucosa and inside there is a bloody cast of the ileal lumen. There is also a gyrate pattern of projections and depressions in the distal ileum. What do you think is causing this?
Porcine proliferative enteropathy
Lawsonia intracellularis
An intracellular bacteria that replicates only in the apical cytoplasm of enterocytes.
What is causing red leg in this frog?
Aeromonas hydrophila
What is causing furunculosis in this salmonid?
Aeromonas salmonicida
What is unique to spirochetes which makes it different from spiral bacteria?
It possesses an endoflagella!!! aka Axial filament!!!
- Endoflagella inserts at the end of the protoplasmic cylinder.*
- The flagella is in the periplasmic space.*
You are doing a necropsy on a pig who your instructor says had swine dysentery, you notice that the pig is relatively young, maybe 8 weeks and that the lesions are in the large intestines only with a sharp line of demarcation at the ileocecal junction. Your morphological diagnosis is fibrinonecrotic pseudomembranous colitits. What is the name of this bacteria and how did the pig contract this?
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae
- Fecal-oral route*
- Common with grower and finisher pigs 8-16 weeks.*
This presentation can look very similar to Salmonella.
The lesions associated with Brachyspira are elongated hyper plastic _______ which may be dilated and contain necrotic debris and abundant ______.
Elongated hyper plastic crypts.
Abundant mucous.
One of the major stains used to demonstrated Brachyspira is?
Victoria Blue
You are on a farm call at a dairy industry practice and some of the cows have increasing lameness, a drop in milk yield and are not reproducing well. What are your thoughts on what it could be?
Hairy Heel Warts (HHW)
aka Papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD)
aka Strawberry Foot Disease
Treponema spp. (possibly T. brennaborense)
What does Treponema pallidum cause in humans?
What is the good thing about the disease that it causees?
Syphillis
Cannot be cultivated in vitro
It can easily be treated with Penicillin.
A “rabbit breeder” brings one of her rabbits to you and says he has these perineal and facial lesions (erosions, ulcers, edema and erythema) and she is not sure what is going on, she also notes that a few others have it too, your first thought is that it might be what?
Rabbit syphillis
aka Vent Disease
Treponema paraluis-cuniculi
Typically is self limiting.
Spread by direct or venereal contact.
T/F: You would be able to observe Leptospira on a regular light microscope using a Gram stain.
False, it would be difficult, you would need to use dark-field microscopy.
Dr. Rajeev also thinks it’s the most beautiful bacteria.
Reservoir hosts are asymptomatic or only show mild illness for Leptospira shed _____ numbers of organisms in urine and yield ______ to ______ titers.
What is the main reservoir and zoonotic threat?
High numbers of organisms
Negative to low titers.
Rats!!!!
Incidental hosts are symptomatic for disease with Leptospira and have a ____ antibody titer and unlike reservoir animals do not maintain the organism in their _______. There is little ______ risk with incidental hosts.
High antibody titer.
Do not maintain in kidneys.
Little zoonotic risk with incidental hosts.
Dogs, humans and any other animals can be incidental hosts.
For Leptospiral serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae what is the maintenace host?
Rats!!!
What is considered the gold standard test when testing for Leptospira?
MAT: Microscopic agglutination test
Reported to be Serovar specific but cross-reactivity is very common. e.g. Paradoxical titers in acute cases. At 6-7 weeks will concentrate into which serovar it actually is.
An owner brings in their dog a few days after camping and says that she noticed this on the dog’s skin after she had effectively removed a tick while away on vacation. She is worried the dog may now have something, what are your suspicions?
What would you do for this dog?
Canine Lyme Disease
is a real possibility caused by B. burgdorferi
However clinical signs don’t usually develop until 2-5 months post-exposure and those signs would include: fever, acute arthritis, arthralgia and lameness. Sometimes accompanied by anorexia, lethargy and depression. Involvement of the CNS, heart, renal lesions and uveitis are less frequently reported.
Can start prophylactic treatment with Doxycycline.
What is the shortened version of the life cycle of Lyme Disease?
Uninfected tick larva bite an infected host (rodent or bird) in the spring or summer months.
Infected larva becomes an infected nymph which then becomes an infected adult.
Infected adult then bites an uninfected host (deer, dog or human) in winter or fall months.
Life cycle is completed when adults lay more eggs.
How would you diagnose Lyme Disease?
Direct examination/detection
although this is difficult due to small #’s and slow growth.
FA, Darkfield, Silver Stain, Culture
For dogs, what is the best way to test for Lyme?
Idexx
SNAP test (EIA)
Quantitative C6 ELISA
Looks for synthetic C6 peptide
You are on an exotics rotation and Mrs. Little has brought in her parrot Zeke because he’s fallen quite ill. You shoot some radiographs and note that there is hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. You immediately become concerned because you think Zeke may have what?
Avian Chlamydiosis
Chlamydia psittaci
This is a zoonotic disease!!!
This is a reportable disease: Biosafety Level 3
Major signs include: hepato- and splenomegaly, and fibrinous pericarditis.
A small farm reports that lambs and calves of theirs appear stiff and that they’ve had locomotive issues and postural behavioral disturabances. You ask the farm owner’s permission to cull one of the sick lambs as a sacrifice to the rest and on necropsy find polyarthritis, polyserositis and meningitis. You suspect these calves and lambs have what?
Chlamydia pecorum
Lambs have a lower mortality rate than the calves do.
In cows you can get Sporadic Bovine Encephalomyelitis which might be the reason for the locomotive and behavioral disturbances.
Chlamydia felis causes what and what are the most common clinical signs?
Feline pneumonitis
Conjunctivitis and rhinitis
Most Mycoplasma colonies have a what type of appearance?
Fried-egg appearance.
Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides is associated with what?
Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumoniae
You have extensive consolidation with marbled appearance due to edematous interlobular septa and fibrinopurulent exudate on surface.
A cat comes in to your clinic depresed with weakness and with a fever; the cat also appears icteric. You pull a blood sample which reveals anemia. You also make a blood smear and under the microscope this is what you see. What do you think?
Feline Infectious Anemia
Mycoplasma haemofelis
formerly Hemobartonella felis
Principle target cells are RBCs.
You are called out to a private farm where the owner’s beloved pet pig Ruby has been extremely weak and has a high fever. Ruby also looks icteric to you so you decide to pull some blood and run it back to your clinic and tell the owner you’ll call him when you know more. CBC (complete blood count) reveals anemia and the smear reveals this. You phone Mr. Smith to tell him Ruby has what?
Eperythrozoonosis
Mycoplasma haemosuis
Best way to diagnosis is a CBC (which we did) or a Coombs test or through microscopic detection (which we also did.)
Mycoplasma synoviae causes what?
Synovitis resulting in lameness, swollen joints.
Retarded growth
Anaplasma marginale causes what?
Bovine Anaplasmosis
- This is a reportable disease!!!*
- Biologic transmission with hard ticks: Boophilus, Dermacentor, Ixodes and Rhipicephalus.*
- Mechanical transmission (less common): biting flies or contaminated fomites.*
Bacteria are endocytosed by RBCs and it causes anemia.
Causes persistent infection, undulating febrile disease, and anemia.
Tetracyclines effective.
Anaplasma phagocytophilum causes what?
Human/Equine/Canine granulocytic anaplasmosis
Tick borne fever
- Spread via the deer tick, Ixodes (scapularis or pacificus).*
- Infects neutrophils primarily and eosinophils.*
- Clinical signs: Fever, depression, inappetance, anemia, edema, ataxia, icterus, drop in milk yield, abortions and leukopenia.*
Pathological findings are hepato- and splenomegaly.
Antigenic variability.
