Olayinka Onadeko- The Child with Dehydration Flashcards
what is Hypovolemia?
dehydration
Hypovolemia could result in ____ death and hypovolemic _____.
Hypovolemia could result in cell death and hypovolemic shock.
Why is it important to have fluid
• Need fluids in our body to bathe the cells.
Fluid volume deficit –>______ —> _______.
Fluid volume deficit –>hypovolemia —> dehydration.
List some signs and symptoms of dehydration
Dry mucous membranes • Decreased tears • Sunken fontanels in infants • Decreased Urine output or no urine output – kidney tries to conserve fluids → elevated kidney function tests ex. ↑Bun, ↑creatinine • Urine specific gravity greater than 1.030 • Weakness Decreased activity level – lethargy • Elevated heart rate (pulse) • Decreased skin Turgor • Craving for water or food • Hypotension (last finding)
List 6 causes of decreased fluid intake
Inadequate milk intake •
Inability to swallow •
Pharyngitis –viral vs bacterial •
Stomatitis – viral (herpes, coxsackie virus) •
Herpangina – viral • Hand, foot, mouth disease
3 causes of increased fluid output
- GI losses
- Renal losses
- Skin and respiratory (insensible losses)
What causes vomiting
Viral Gastro Enteritis causes Rotavirus, Norovirus
List signs and symptoms of Viral Gastro Enteritis causes Rotavirus, Norovirus •
Fever or no fever •
Persistent vomiting maybe followed by diarrhea (non bloody)
• Small bowel involvement, virus coats brush border lining. •
Periumbilical cramping •
Vomiting usually food products
A small child is vomiting , how does this affect dehydration? How will the child appear? What condition can occur?
Infants could become dehydrated quickly. •
Loss of sodium chloride - with vomiting only – metabolic alkalosis. •
Foul smelling watery stools. •
Loss of bicarbonate with diarrhea stools resulting in metabolic acidosis. •
Child appears weak and tired, Weight loss can occur.
Treatment for GI losses
Oral Rehydration Therapy •
May need intravenous fluids in severe cases •
Early feeding is important in recovery •
Avoid fruit juices (osmotic diarrhea) •
Avoid giving water only (dilutional hyponatremia resulting in seizure) •
Strict hand washing •
Rotavirus Vaccine available for ages 2 – 8 months.
Why should fruit juices be avoided?
• Avoid fruit juices (osmotic diarrhea)
A child appears dehydrated, should just water be given?
No! Avoid giving water only (dilutional hyponatremia resulting in seizure)
A child was dehydrated and had a seizure, what likely occurred?
Avoid giving water only (dilutional hyponatremia resulting in seizure
T/F there is a rotovirus vaccine for children
True, Rotavirus Vaccine available for ages 2 – 8 months.
What organisms commonly cause Bacterial Gastroenteritis?
Common organisms include:
E.coli campylobacter
shigella
Salmonella
What are signs and symptoms of bacterial gastroenteritis
Vomiting •
Blood in stools •
Mucus in stools •
Invasive condition •
Affects large colon •
Dysentery (blood/mucusy stools) •
High fever
Treatment for gastroenteritis
May need antibiotic treatment;
hydration
Acetaminophen for fever
Strict hand washing techniques.
What causes gastric outlet obstruction? What ages are typically affected?
Pyloric Stenosis- • Olive shaped mass
• 3 weeks to 1 month old infant
What are signs and symptoms of gastric outlet obstruction ?
Projectile vomiting (shoots across the room. •
Hunger after vomiting •
Non bilious vomiting •
Weight loss •
Loss of Nacl (Metabolic Alkalosis) •
Increased serum bicarbonate
