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OL-LEC-1 INTRO Flashcards

1
Q

Study of worms

A

Helmintology

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2
Q

Study of protozoans

A

Protozology

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3
Q

Stage of parasite to identify accurately what parasite is present on the sample

A

Diagnostic Stage

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4
Q

What are the 4 STH?

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

Ancylostoma duodenale & Necator americanus

Trichuris trichiura

Strongyloides stercoralis

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5
Q

Percentage of hookworm in this country between the two hookworms

A

Necator americanus: 70%
Ancylostoma duodenale: 30%

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6
Q

Egg that is still in the uterus of the female species

A

ovum

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7
Q

2 forms of larvae stage specifically of nematodes

A

Flariform larvae
Rhabditiform larvae

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8
Q

the infective stage; long, thread-like; often “designed” for penetration

A

Filariform larvae

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9
Q

characterized by the presence of a muscular
esophagus and bulbular pharynx. The first “molt “ worms after leaving the egg are termed “________”

A

Rhabditiform larvae

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10
Q

Staging of the developmental process of helminths

A
  1. Egg/ovum
  2. Larvae
  3. Adult
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11
Q

Developmental stages of protozoans

A
  1. Cysts
  2. Tropozhoite
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12
Q

Resistance stage of the protozoan

A

Cysts

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13
Q

Vegetative or parasitic stage of protozoan

A

Trophozoite

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14
Q

Largest intestinal amoeba

A

Entamoeba coli cysts

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15
Q

The only pathogenic intestinal amoeba

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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16
Q

The only known ciliate to cause human infection

A

Balantidium coli

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17
Q

Examples of commensal protozoans

A

Endolimax nana
Chilomastix mesneli (mesnili on net?)

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18
Q

Features of the parasite that can be observed by the eyes

A

morphology

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19
Q

What is the magnitude of the diseases

A

epidemiology

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20
Q

What are the diseases it cause

A

pathogenecity

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21
Q

What procedures do we do in order to determine the presence or absence of the parasite

A

laboratory diagnosis

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22
Q

Where we can commonly find the parasite

A

distribution and life cycles

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23
Q

where is filariasis more commonly found in the Philippines?

A

southern Philippines (mindanao)

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24
Q

Difference of control and preventation

A

control- mitigate the effect
prevention- prevent the disease to ever happen

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25
Q

The area of biology concerned with the phenomenon of dependence of one living organism on another

A

Parasitology

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26
Q

Deals with parasites which infect man, the diseases they produce, the response generated by him against them and various methods of diagnosis and prevention

A

Clinical Parasitology

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27
Q

An organism that is entirely dependent on another organism for all part of its life cycle and metabolic requirements

A

Parasiteq

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28
Q

The organism which a parasite relies on

A

host

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29
Q

small, unicellular and multiplies within vertebrate host (type of parasite)

A

Microparasites

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30
Q

Examples of microparasites

A

bacteria, protozoans, viruses

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31
Q

large, multicellular, no direct reproduction within its vertebrate host (type of parasite)

A

Macroparasites

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32
Q

Example of macroparasites

A

helminths

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33
Q

A non living parasite that only becomes living when it penetrates a living host

A

Virus

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34
Q

Types of helminths

A

Roundworms (Nematodes)
Flukes (Trematodes)
Tapeworms (Cestodes)
Thorny-headed worms (Acanthocephala)

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35
Q

Type of helminth that only affects animals, rarely humans

A

Thorny-headed worms (Acanthocephala)

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36
Q

Classification of parasites according to location (habitat)

A

Ectoparasites and Endoparasites`

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37
Q

lives on the surface of the skin/ temporarily invade superficial tissues of the host

A

Ectoparasites

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38
Q

Ectoparasites causes?

A

Infestation

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39
Q

Live within the body of the host

A

Endoparasites

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40
Q

Endoparasites causes?

A

Infection

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41
Q

Parasite that infects are called?

A

Endoparasites

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42
Q

Parasites that infest are called?

A

Ectoparasite

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43
Q

All protozoans and helminths are what type of parasite according to habitat?

A

Endoparasites

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44
Q

Organisms that cannot exist without a host

A

Obligate parasite

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45
Q

Organisms that under favorable circumstances may live either parasitic or free-living existence

A

Facultative parasite

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46
Q

Organisms that attack an unusual host

A

Accidental parasites

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47
Q

organisms that attack a host where they cannot live or develop further

A

Aberrant parasites

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48
Q

Non-parasitic stages of existence which are lived independently of a host

A

Free-living

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49
Q

Examples of ectoparasites

A

Lice
Ticks
Mites
Flea

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50
Q

Scientific name head lice

A

Pediculus humanus capitis

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51
Q

Scientific name body lice

A

Pediculus humanus corporis

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52
Q

Flea scientific name

A

Siphonaptera spp.

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53
Q

Examples of Siphonaptera

A

Xenopsylla cheopis (oriental rat flea)

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54
Q

Xenopsylla cheopis causes what disease?

A

Bubonic plague

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55
Q

Ticks scientific name

A

Ixodes spp.

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56
Q

Examples of obligate parasites

A

Toxoplasma gondii

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57
Q

Example of facultative parasites

A

Naegleria fowleri
Acanthamoeba

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58
Q

Naegleria fowleri causes?

A

PAM - Primary amebic meningoencephalitis

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59
Q

Acanthamoeba enters in what part of the body?

A

Periorbital/ orbital region

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60
Q

Naegleria fowleri enters on what part of the body?

A

Nasal cavity

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61
Q

Example of accidental parasite

A

Echinococcus granulosus

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62
Q

Echinococcus granulosus main hosts

A

Dog- definitive
Sheep - intermediate

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63
Q

Aberrant parasites examples

A

Toxocara canis
Toxocara cati

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64
Q

Classification of mites

A

Mesostigmata
Prostigmata
Astigmata

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65
Q

Respiratory opening of mites

A

stigmata

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66
Q

Differentiate mesostigmata, prostigmata, astigmata

A

Mesostigmata: Stigmata between 3rd and 4th coxa (legs) found in both sides and also has a peritreme

Prostigmata: Stigmata between ears

Astigmata: No stigmata

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67
Q

vector borne diseases examples

A

Filariasis
Malaria
Dengue
Chikungunya
Zika
Yellow fever

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68
Q

Examples of mosquito species

A

Anopheles spp.
Aedes spp.
Culex spp.
Mansonia spp.

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69
Q

Arboviral diseases

A

Dengue
Chikungunya
Zika
Yellow fever

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70
Q

Arboviral diseases causing mosquito

A

Aedes aegypti

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71
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti mosquito (filariasis)

A

Culex

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72
Q

Brugia malayi mosquito (filariasis)

A

Mansonia

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73
Q

Malaria mosquito (plasmodium species)

A

Anopheles spp.

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74
Q

Ticks stigmata are found in?

A

Metastigmata (meaning they have complex breathing apparatus, these are known as spiracles and are located on either side of the idiosoma)

75
Q

soft ticks

76
Q

hard ticks

77
Q

Classification of parasites according to disease spectrum

A

acute, chronic, commensal, opportunistic

78
Q

Examples of acute disease causing parasites

A

Plasmodium spp.
Trypanosoma spp.
Entamoeba histolytica

79
Q

Examples of chronic disease causing parasites

A

Toxoplasma gondii
Plasmodium spp.
Echinococcus granulosus
Schistosoma spp.
Taenia solium

80
Q

Examples of commensal parasites

A

Entamoeba gingivalis

81
Q

are organisms that typically do not cause disease in healthy individuals but can cause infections or diseases when the host’s immune system is compromised or when other predisposing factors are present.

A

opportunistic parasites

82
Q

Examples of commensal parasites

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii
Toxoplasma gondii
Cryptosporidium spp.
Candida species
Strongyloides stercoralis

83
Q

Examples of blood residing parasites

A

Plasmodium spp.
Leishmania
Trypanosoma
Babesia

84
Q

Plasmodium targets what part of the blood and causes what?

A

Red blood cells - Malaria

85
Q

Leishmania targets what part of the blood and causes what?

A

WBC specifically macrophage/ monocyte - Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar

86
Q

Trypanosoma causes what disease and what is its vector

A

African Trypanosomiasis, also known as “sleeping sickness”

Tsetse fly

87
Q

Babesia targets what cell and causes what disease?

A

RBC - Babesiosis

88
Q

Eye parasites

A

Loa loa
Onchocerca volvulus
Mansonella perstans - (not really, ugandan eye worm ang name pero very rare na it affects the eyes, ang main target is connective tissue)

89
Q

Lymphatic parasites

A

Brugia spp.
Wuchereria bancrofti

90
Q

Calssification of parasites according to mode of transmission

A

fecal-oral
skin penetration
soil transmitted

91
Q

where sexual reproduction of the parasite takes place or in which the most highly developed formed of the parasite occurs

A

Definitive host

92
Q

When the most mature form of the parasite is not obvious, what will we consider as the definitive host?

A

Mammalian host

93
Q

Where the larval or asexual stages of a parasite is found

A

Intermediate host

94
Q

Where the larval stage of a parasite survives but does not develop further

A

Paratenic host

95
Q

Harbors the parasite and serves as an important source of infection to other susceptible hosts

A

Reservoir host

96
Q

Important to notice in the control of parasitic diseases in epidemiology

A

Reservoir host

97
Q

Plasmodium knowlesi reservoir host

A

Macaque monkeys

98
Q

Parasites with 1 intermediate host
Flea (Siphonaptera):

A

Dipylidium caninum
Hymenolepis diminuta

99
Q

Parasites with no intermediate hosts

A

Protozoans:
Entamoeba histolytica
Giardia lambia
Chilomastix mesnili
Balantidium coli
Trichomonas vaginalis

Helminths:
Enterobius vermicularis
Hymenolepis nana
STHs (Ascaris, Trichuris, Hookworms)

100
Q

Parasites with 1 intermediate host
Man:

A

Echinococcus granulosus
Plasmodium spp.

101
Q

Triatoma genus (Triatomine bugs)

A

Rhodnius
Triatoma
Panstrongylus

102
Q

Parasites with 1 intermediate host
Pig:

A

Taenia solium
Trichenella spiralis

103
Q

Parasites with 1 intermediate host
Cattle:

A

T. saginata

104
Q

Parasites with 1 intermediate host
Triatoma/ Reduviid/ Assasin bug:

A

Tryponosoma cruzi

105
Q

Parasites with 1 intermediate host
Mosquito (Aedes, Anopheles, Mansonia)

A

Brugia Malayi

106
Q

Parasites with 1 intermediate host
Mosquito (Aedes, Anopheles in rural areas;
Culex quinquefasciatus in urban areas)

A

Wuchureria bancrofti

107
Q

Parasites with 1 intermediate host
Snail

A

Schistosoma spp.

108
Q

Parasites with 1 intermediate host
Copepod/ water fleas

A

Dracunculus medinensis

109
Q

Parasites with 1 intermediate host
Sandfly: Lutzomyia, Phlebotomus spp.

A

Leishmania

110
Q

Parasites with 1 intermediate host
Tsetse fly: glossina spp.

A

Trypanosoma spp.

111
Q

Parasites with 1 intermediate host
Chrysops/ Deer fly/ Mango fly/ Tabanid fly: C. dimidiate C. silocea

112
Q

Parasites with 1 intermediate host
Simulium/ Black fly

A

Onchocerca volvulus

113
Q

Parasites with 2 intermediate hosts
snail, fish

A

Clonorchis sinensis

114
Q

Parasites with 2 intermediate hosts
Cyclops, fish

A

Diphyllobotrium latum

115
Q

Parasites with 2 intermediate hosts
Snail, plant

A

Fasciola spp.

116
Q

Parasites with 2 intermediate hosts
Snail, freshwater crustaceans

A

Paragonimus westermani

117
Q

Only Schistosoma found in the Philippines

A

Schistosoma japonicum

118
Q

Schistosoma japonicum intermediate host

A

Oncomelania spp.

119
Q

Schistosoma japonicum intermediate host
MOST COMMON IN THE PHILIPPINES

A

Oncomelania quadrasi variety hepensis

Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi -net

120
Q

Schistosoma mansoni host

A

Biomphalaria spp.

121
Q

Schistosoma haematobium

A

Bulinus spp

122
Q

Common house fly common name

A

Musca domestica

123
Q

Insect bite method of transmission

A

Inoculation

124
Q

Two species of tsetse fly

A

Glossina palpalis
Glossina morsitans

125
Q

Other term for definitive host

A

Final host

126
Q

Other term for intermediate host

A

Secondary host

127
Q

Two types of intermediate host

A

Primary and Secondary INTERMEDIATE host

(label it kasi primary and secondary can be used as other terms of definitive and intermediate host)

128
Q

An animal infection that is naturally transmissible to humans either directly or indirectly via a vector

129
Q

Zoonotic source and disease of Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Triatoma bug

American trypanosomiasis/ Chaga’s disease

130
Q

Zoonotic source and disease of Crytosporidium parvum

A

Animals

Cryptosporidiosis

131
Q

Zoonotic source and disease of
Fasciola hepatica and gigantica

A

Snail, plants

Fascioliasis

132
Q

Zoonotic source and disease of
Echinococcus granulosus

A

Dog

Hydatid Disease

133
Q

Zoonotic source and disease of
Leishmania spp.

A

Sand fly

Leishmaniasis

134
Q

Zoonotic source and disease of

Schistosoma
haematobium
japonicum
mansoni

A

Fresh water snail
Bulinus spp
Oncomelania spp
Biomphalaria spp

schistosomiasis

135
Q

Zoonotic source and disease of

Trichinella spiralis

A

Bears, pigs, rats

Trichinosis

136
Q

Agent that transmits infection from human host to another

137
Q

Assists in the transfer of parasitic forms between host but is not essential in the life cycle

A

Mechanical vector

138
Q

Mechanical vector of Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Periplaneta americana (american cockroach)

139
Q

Mechanical vector of Entamoeba histolytica

A

Musca domestica (common housefly)

140
Q

Disease caused by Musca domestica by Entamoeba histolytica

A

Amoebic dysentery (amebiasis)

141
Q

Differentiate male and female mosquito

A

Male antennae are bushy

142
Q

Distinct characterization of Anopheles spp.

A

proboscis is same length with pulps

143
Q

Differentiate male and female flies

A

males have darker last two abdomens

144
Q

both host and parasite are dependent with each other

145
Q

Only the parasite derives benefit without causing an injury to the host

A

Commensalism

146
Q

The parasite benefits and the host suffers

A

Parasitism

147
Q

Sources of parasitic infection (TABLE)

modes of transmission or routes of transmission - sir

A

Contaminated soil (with human excrements)
Contaminated water (with human excrements)
Freshwater fishes
Freshwater crabs, crayfishes, and other crustaceans
Raw undercooked pork and beef
Freshwater aquatic plants (watercress)
Bloodsucking insects
Housefly
Dogs
Cat
Man
Auto infection

148
Q

Soil transmitted helminths

A

Ascaris lumbricoides
Hookworms
Trichuris trichiura
Strongyloides sterocoralis

149
Q

Contaminated water examples of source of parasite

Intestinal protozoans

A

Balantidium coli
Entamoeba histolytica
Giardia lamblia

150
Q

Contaminated water examples of source of parasite
Cestodes

A

Hymenolepis nana
Taenia solium

151
Q

Contaminated water examples of source of parasite
Trematodes

A

Schistosoma spp.

152
Q

Freshwater fishes examples of source of parasite

A

Diphyllobothrium latum
Clonorchis sinensis
Opisthorchis viverrini
Opisthorchis felineus

153
Q

Caused by S. haematobium by entering the genital areas of females by merely coming in contact with infested waters

A

genitourinary schistosomiasis

154
Q

Freshwater crabs, crayfishes, and other crustaceans examples of source of parasite

A

Paragonimus westermani

155
Q

Raw uncooked pork examples of source of parasite

A

Sarcocystis suihominis
Trichinella spiralis
Taenia solium

156
Q

Raw uncooked beef examples of source of parasite

A

Sarcocystis hominis
Taenia saginata
Toxoplasma gondii

157
Q

Freshwater aquatic plants examples of source of parasite

A

Fasciola hepatica
Fasciola gigantica

158
Q

Bloodsucking insects examples of source of parasite

A

Blood protozoans: Plasmodium spp. Babesia spp.

Filarial worms:
Lymphatic = Wuchereria and Brugia
Non Lymphatic = Mansonella spp. Onchocerca volvulus

Non Filarial worms:
Dirofilaria spp.

Blood flagellates:
Leishmania spp. Trypanosoma cruzi, brucei

159
Q

Housefly examples of source of parasite

A

Entamoeba histolytica

160
Q

Dog examples of source of parasite

A

Echinococcus granulosus
Toxocara canis

161
Q

Cat examples of source of parasite

A

Toxocara cati

162
Q

Man examples of source of parasite

A

Entamoeba histolytica
Enterobius vermicularis
Hymenolepis nana

163
Q

Autoinfection examples of source of parasite

A

Enterobius vermicularis
Strongyloides stercoralis

164
Q

You infected your ownself

A

Autoinfection

165
Q

Unordinary mode of transmission

A

Retroinfection

166
Q

Sources of parasitic infection

A

Blood-borne/ Organ Transplantation
Food-borne
Laboratory-acquired
Soil-transmitted
Vector-borne

167
Q

Modes of transmission

A

Ingestion/ Fecal-oral route
Skin
Sexual contact
Kissing/ sharing contaminated drinking utensils

Congenital
Inhalation
Latrogenic (transfusion transmitted)

168
Q

Ingestion/ Fecal-oral route transmitted parasites

A

Intestinal protozoans
STHs
C. sinensis
D. latum
E. vermicularis
Fasciolopsis buski
F. hepatica
P. westermani
T. spiralis
T. saginata
T. solium

169
Q

Skin transmitted parasites

A

Hookworms, S. stercoralis
Schistosoma spp. (direct contact)

Blood protozoans, filarial worms (inoculation)

170
Q

Sexual contact transmitted parasites

A

E. histolytica
G. lambia
Trichomonas vaginalis

171
Q

Kissing/ sharing contaminated drinking utensils transmitted parasites

A

Entamoeba gingivalis

172
Q

Congenital transmitted parasites

A

Plasmodium spp., T. gondii

173
Q

Inhalation transmitted parasites

A

E. vermicularis

174
Q

Latrogenic (transfusion transmitted) transmitted parasites

A

Plasmodium spp. (trophozoite-induced/ transfusion malaria)

175
Q

How parasites cause damage to the body

A

Traumatic damage
Lytic necrosis
Competition for certain nutrients
Inflammatory reactions
Allergic manifestations
Neoplasia
Secondary infection

176
Q

Lytic necrosis causing example parasites

A

E. histolytica
Leishmania spp.
Plasmodium spp
Trypanosoma cruzi
Toxoplasma gondiiCo

177
Q

Competition for certain nutrients causing example of parasites

A

Pernicious anemia due to D. latum (B12)

178
Q

Traumatic damage causing parasites

A

Hookworms
S. stercoralis
Schistosoma spp.
Ascaris
Taenia

179
Q

Hookworm, S. stercoralis and cercarial larvae of Schistosoma spp. mode of traumatic damage

A

Damage to the skin by flariform larvae

180
Q

Inflammatory reactions caused by parasites

A

Eosinophilia
Hemolytic, iron deficiency, pernicious anemia
Intestinal inflammation
Proliferation of RECs

181
Q

Allergic manifestations of parasites

A

Anaphylaxis
Dermatitis
Eosinophilia
Urticaria

182
Q

Neoplasia causing parasites

A

C. sinensis and Opsitorchis viverrini
(Cholangiocarcinoma)

S. haematobium
(Vesical carcinoma)

183
Q

Bacterial and viral infections due to parasitosis

A

Secondary infection

Parasitology (6 decks)

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