OL-LEC-1 INTRO Flashcards
Study of worms
Helmintology
Study of protozoans
Protozology
Stage of parasite to identify accurately what parasite is present on the sample
Diagnostic Stage
What are the 4 STH?
Ascaris lumbricoides
Ancylostoma duodenale & Necator americanus
Trichuris trichiura
Strongyloides stercoralis
Percentage of hookworm in this country between the two hookworms
Necator americanus: 70%
Ancylostoma duodenale: 30%
Egg that is still in the uterus of the female species
ovum
2 forms of larvae stage specifically of nematodes
Flariform larvae
Rhabditiform larvae
the infective stage; long, thread-like; often “designed” for penetration
Filariform larvae
characterized by the presence of a muscular
esophagus and bulbular pharynx. The first “molt “ worms after leaving the egg are termed “________”
Rhabditiform larvae
Staging of the developmental process of helminths
- Egg/ovum
- Larvae
- Adult
Developmental stages of protozoans
- Cysts
- Tropozhoite
Resistance stage of the protozoan
Cysts
Vegetative or parasitic stage of protozoan
Trophozoite
Largest intestinal amoeba
Entamoeba coli cysts
The only pathogenic intestinal amoeba
Entamoeba histolytica
The only known ciliate to cause human infection
Balantidium coli
Examples of commensal protozoans
Endolimax nana
Chilomastix mesneli (mesnili on net?)
Features of the parasite that can be observed by the eyes
morphology
What is the magnitude of the diseases
epidemiology
What are the diseases it cause
pathogenecity
What procedures do we do in order to determine the presence or absence of the parasite
laboratory diagnosis
Where we can commonly find the parasite
distribution and life cycles
where is filariasis more commonly found in the Philippines?
southern Philippines (mindanao)
Difference of control and preventation
control- mitigate the effect
prevention- prevent the disease to ever happen
The area of biology concerned with the phenomenon of dependence of one living organism on another
Parasitology
Deals with parasites which infect man, the diseases they produce, the response generated by him against them and various methods of diagnosis and prevention
Clinical Parasitology
An organism that is entirely dependent on another organism for all part of its life cycle and metabolic requirements
Parasiteq
The organism which a parasite relies on
host
small, unicellular and multiplies within vertebrate host (type of parasite)
Microparasites
Examples of microparasites
bacteria, protozoans, viruses
large, multicellular, no direct reproduction within its vertebrate host (type of parasite)
Macroparasites
Example of macroparasites
helminths
A non living parasite that only becomes living when it penetrates a living host
Virus
Types of helminths
Roundworms (Nematodes)
Flukes (Trematodes)
Tapeworms (Cestodes)
Thorny-headed worms (Acanthocephala)
Type of helminth that only affects animals, rarely humans
Thorny-headed worms (Acanthocephala)
Classification of parasites according to location (habitat)
Ectoparasites and Endoparasites`
lives on the surface of the skin/ temporarily invade superficial tissues of the host
Ectoparasites
Ectoparasites causes?
Infestation
Live within the body of the host
Endoparasites
Endoparasites causes?
Infection
Parasite that infects are called?
Endoparasites
Parasites that infest are called?
Ectoparasite
All protozoans and helminths are what type of parasite according to habitat?
Endoparasites
Organisms that cannot exist without a host
Obligate parasite
Organisms that under favorable circumstances may live either parasitic or free-living existence
Facultative parasite
Organisms that attack an unusual host
Accidental parasites
organisms that attack a host where they cannot live or develop further
Aberrant parasites
Non-parasitic stages of existence which are lived independently of a host
Free-living
Examples of ectoparasites
Lice
Ticks
Mites
Flea
Scientific name head lice
Pediculus humanus capitis
Scientific name body lice
Pediculus humanus corporis
Flea scientific name
Siphonaptera spp.
Examples of Siphonaptera
Xenopsylla cheopis (oriental rat flea)
Xenopsylla cheopis causes what disease?
Bubonic plague
Ticks scientific name
Ixodes spp.
Examples of obligate parasites
Toxoplasma gondii
Example of facultative parasites
Naegleria fowleri
Acanthamoeba
Naegleria fowleri causes?
PAM - Primary amebic meningoencephalitis
Acanthamoeba enters in what part of the body?
Periorbital/ orbital region
Naegleria fowleri enters on what part of the body?
Nasal cavity
Example of accidental parasite
Echinococcus granulosus
Echinococcus granulosus main hosts
Dog- definitive
Sheep - intermediate
Aberrant parasites examples
Toxocara canis
Toxocara cati
Classification of mites
Mesostigmata
Prostigmata
Astigmata
Respiratory opening of mites
stigmata
Differentiate mesostigmata, prostigmata, astigmata
Mesostigmata: Stigmata between 3rd and 4th coxa (legs) found in both sides and also has a peritreme
Prostigmata: Stigmata between ears
Astigmata: No stigmata
vector borne diseases examples
Filariasis
Malaria
Dengue
Chikungunya
Zika
Yellow fever
Examples of mosquito species
Anopheles spp.
Aedes spp.
Culex spp.
Mansonia spp.
Arboviral diseases
Dengue
Chikungunya
Zika
Yellow fever
Arboviral diseases causing mosquito
Aedes aegypti
Wuchereria bancrofti mosquito (filariasis)
Culex
Brugia malayi mosquito (filariasis)
Mansonia
Malaria mosquito (plasmodium species)
Anopheles spp.