OINTMENT Flashcards
Are semi-solid preparations intended
for external applications to the skin or
mucous membranes, usually but not
always, they contain medicinal
agents
OINTMENTS
Are easily spread, their plastic
viscosity may be controlled by
modification of the limitation.
OINTMENTS
Ointments is also known as?
SALVE OR CHRISMA
which prevents harmful substances from coming in contact with the skin
PRETECTIVE BARRIERS
3 Uses of Ointments:
EMOLLIENTS
PROTECTIVE BARRIERS
VEHICLES
which makes the skin more pliable
EMOLLIENT
in which to incorporate medication.
VEHICLES
Classification of ointments based on composition:
OLEAGINOUS BASES
ABSORPTION BASES
WATER-REMOVABLE BASES
WATER-SOLUBLE BASES
Classification of ointments based on penetration:
EPIDERMIC OINTMENTS
ENDODERMIC OINTMENTS
DIADERMIC OINTMENTS
Oleaginous Bases is also termed as?
HYDROCARBON BASES
On the application to the skin, they
have an emollient effect, protect against the escape of moisture, effective as occlusive dressings, can remain on the skin for long periods without drying out, and because of their immiscibility with water, and are difficult to wash off.
OLEAGINOUS BASES
Is a purified mixture of semisolid
hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It
is an unctuous mass, varying in color from
yellowish to light amber.
PETROLATUM, USP
Petrolatum, USP is also known as?
YELLOW PETROLATUM AND PETROLEUM JELLY
• A good base for oil-soluble ingredients.
• Forms an occlusive film on the skin.
• Absorbs less than 5% water under normal condition.
• Does not become rancid
• Wax may be incorporated to stiffen the
base.
PETROLATUM, USP
Is a purified mixture of semisolid
hydrocarbons from petroleum that has
been wholly or nearby decolorized.
WHITE PETROLATUM, USP
It is used for the same purpose as petrolatum, but because of its lighter color, it is considered more esthetically pleasing by some pharmacists and patients.
WHITE PETROLATUM, USP
It is also known as White Petroleum Jelly
WHITE PETROLATUM, USP
Ingredients: Yellow wax, Petrolatum
WHITE PETROLATUM
This ointment differs from yellow ointment by substitution of white wax (bleached and purified yellow wax) and white petrolatum in the formula.
WHITE OINTMENT, USP
These bases may be used as emollients, although they do not provide the degree of occlusion afforded by the oleaginous base, and are not easily removed from the skin with water washing, because the external phase of the emulsion is
oleaginous
ABSORPTION BASES
These bases are useful as pharmaceutical
adjuncts to incorporate small volumes of aqueous solutions into hydrocarbon bases. This is accomplished by incorporating the aqueous solution into the absorption base and then incorporating this mixture into the hydrocarbon
base.
ABSORPTION BASES
• Are anhydrous
• Insoluble in water
• Not washable in water
• However, it can absorb water.
• Permit the inclusion of water-soluble
medicaments through prior solution
and uptake of the solution as the
internal phase.
ABSORPTION BASES
A white petrolatum combined with 8%
white wax, 3% stearyl alcohol, and 3%
cholesterol which are added to a water-in-
oil emulsifier.
HYDROPHILIC PETROLATUM, USP
Ingredients:
Cholesterol, Stearyl alcohol, White wax,
White Petrolatum
HYDROPHILIC PETROLATUM, USP
which employs wool alcohol to render white petrolatum emulsifiable and
is superior in its ability to absorb water.
AQUAPHOR
which uses Sobitan Sesquioleate and Arlacel A as emulsifiers (Kessolin) and appears to be superior to the USP base.
POLYSORB
Is obtained from the wool of sheep, is a
purified wax like substance that has been
cleaned, deodorized, and decolorized.
Lanolin, USP
(Anhydrous Lanolin/Wool Fat)
It contains not more than 0.25% water.
Additional water may be incorporated into
lanolin by mixing.
Lanolin, USP
(Anhydrous Lanolin/Wool Fat)
Contains a high percentage of alcohol,
esters and alcohol containing fatty acids.
Absorbs twice its weight in water
Lanolin, USP
(Anhydrous Lanolin/Wool Fat
Is a lanolin processed to reduce the
content of free lanolin alcohols and any
detergent and pesticide residue.
MODIFIED LANOLIN, USP
2 preparation of Hydrophilic Petrolatum, USP
AQUAPHOR
POLYSORB
Are oil-in-water emulsions commonly called _____?
CREAMS
Are oil in water emulsions commonly called creams. Because the external phase of emulsion is aqueous, they are easily washed from the skin and are often called water washable bases.
WATER-REMOVABLE BASES
They may be diluted with water or aqueous solutions. They can absorb serous discharges.
WATER-REMOVABLE BASES
An oil-in-water emulsion employing Sodium Lauryl Sulfate as an emulsifying agent. It absorbs about 30% - 50% W/W without losing consistency, and readily miscible with water and thus can be removed from the skin easily.
HYDROPHILIC OINTMENT, USP
Ingredients:
White petrolatum, sodium lauryl sulfate,
propylene glycol, stearyl alcohol,, purified
water, methylparaben, propylparaben.
HYDROPHILIC OINTMENT, USP
A water-in-oil emulsion prepared by
melting white wax and spermaceti,
expressed almond oil together, adding hot
aqueous solution of sodium borate, stir
until cool
COLD CREAM
_____ may be used to make a more
stable cold cream.
MINERAL OIL
_____ may be used to make a better
emollient base.
ALMOND OIL
An oil-in-water emulsion which contains large percentage of water as well as humectants (Glycerin, Propylene glycol) - which retards surface evaporation of the product.
VANISHING CREAM
The most common cream available in the
market due to large amount of water
contained and an acid (Stearic acid). An
excess of stearic acid in the formula helps to form a thin film when the water evaporates.
VANISHING CREAM
Other water removable bases
DERMOVAN
UNIBASE
3 OLEAGINOUS BASES
PETROLATUM, USP
WHITE PETROLATUM, USP
WHITE OINTMENT, USP
3 absorption bases
HYDROPHILIC PETROLATUM, USP
LANOLIN, USP
MODIFIED LANOLIN, USP
4 WATER REMOVABLE BASES
HYDROPHILIC OINTMENT, USP
COLD CREAMS
VANISHING CREAMS
OTHER WATER REMOVABLE BASES
a hypoallergenic greaseless emulsion base.
DERMOVAN
a non-greasy emulsion base that absorbs about 30% of its weigh
UNIBASE
They do not contain oleaginous
components. They are completely water
washable and often referred to as
greaseless. Because they soften greatly
with the addition of water, large amounts
of aqueous solutions are not effectively
incorporated into these bases.
WATER SOLUBLE BASES
They are mostly used for incorporation of
solid substances.
WATER SOLUBLE BASES
Is a polymer of ethylene oxide and water
represented by the formula
H(OCH2CH2)nOH, in which n represents
the average number of oxyethylene
groups. The numeric designations
associated with PEGs refers to the
average molecular weight of the polymer.
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL (PEG)
Ingredients: PEG 3350, PEG 400
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL (PEG)
Consist of a blend of water-soluble polymeric glycol that forms a semi-solid base capable of solubilizing water-soluble drugs and some water-insoluble drugs. Compatible with a wide range of drugs.
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL (PEG)
2 water soluble bases
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL (PEG)
PROPYLENE GLYCOL AND PROPYLENE GLYCOL-ETHANOL
Form a clear gel when mixed with 2%
hydroxypropyl cellulose.
This has become popular as dermatologic
vehicles.
Propylene Glycol and Propylene
Glycol-Ethanol
• Demonstrate no or at the most very slight penetration.
• Petrolatum, Waxes, and their combinations
EPIDERMIC OINTMENTS
• Possess some powers of penetration into the deeper layers of the skin.
• Vegetable oils, Lard, Wool fat, Lanolin,
and/or its combinations
ENDODERMIC OINTMENTS
Which penetrates the skin thus offering a
better opportunity for absorption of the
medicaments.
DIADERMIC OINTMENTS
Methods of preparations of ointments:
INCORPORATION
FUSION
The substances are incorporated into the
ointment by levigation. (4)
MORTAR AND PESTLE
OINTMENT SLAB
OINTMENT MILL
OINTMENT PARCHMENT PAD
Large amount or quantities of liquid are to
be incorporated into a base.
MORTAR AND PESTLE
•Ground-glass plate and two 5-6 inches full blade hard steel spatulas.
•Hard rubber or Tested plastic spatulas
OINTMENT SLAB
• Is an electronic mortar and pestle or a
device called Unguator. This device can
be controlled manually or via computer
software.
• Is convenient and ideal for making
ointments in lots of 5 lbs. or more.
OINTMENT MILL
It is best not to allow too long in contact of
the ointment with the parchment, as it may soften and tear.
OINTMENT PARCHMENT PAD
It is best not to allow too long in contact of
the ointment with the parchment, as it may soften and tear.
OINTMENT PARCHMENT PAD
It is best not to allow too long in contact of
the ointment with the parchment, as it may soften and tear.
OINTMENT PARCHMENT PAD
3 organic solvents : should not be used for dissolving the drug because the drug may crystallize as the solvent evaporates.
ETHER
CHLOROFORM
ALCOHOL
All or some of the components of an
ointment are combined by being melted
together and cooled with constant stirring
until congealed. Components not melted are added to the congealing mixture as it is being cooled and stirred.
FUSION
