Oils, Fats, And Waxes Flashcards
The first chemical reaction applied to fats and oils
Saponification
In 1900 the discovery that oils could be upgraded by _______ to producefats revolutionized the entire oil and fat industry and led to hydrogenated shortenings.
hydrogenation
two broad classifications for fats and oils:
edible and inedible
is a well-known cathartic.
Castor oil
Types of oils
Cottonseed oil
Soybean oil
Linseed oil
Coconut oil
Corn oil
Palm oil
Peanut oil
Tung oil
Castor oil
Safflower oil
Processing of oils
Refining
Bleaching
Hydrogenation
Deodorization
Types of animal fats and oils
Neat’s-foot oil
Whale oil
Cod-liver oil
Shark-liver oil
Fish oil
Lard
are the most important animal fats and has been fundamentally upgraded by modern chemical conversions
Lard
Processing of animal fats and oils
ISOMERIZATION REACTIONS
INTERESTERIFICATION
Types of waxes
Beeswax
Carnauba wax
Spermaceti
Ozocerite
Paraffin wax
Montan wax
Candelilla wax
Synthetic wax
is the third most important U.S. wax in tonnage and is made by boiling the stems of a plant common in Mexico and the southwestern United States with a water-sulfuric acid mixture and skimming off the wax which floats on the liquid
Candelilla wax
generally applies to the wax obtained from abituminous wax solvent-extracted from bituminous lignite or shale
Montan wax
concentrated in certain lubricating-oil fractions as a result ofdistillation and is separated by chilling and filter-pressing
Paraffin wax
name given to certain naturally occurring mineral waxes.
a particular earth wax mined in eastern Europe, but importantsimilar waxes are mined elsewhere
Ozocerite
The oil removed from the head cavity, and parts of the blubber of the sperm whale is in reality a wax because of its chemical composition. It is important for lubrication.
Spermaceti
This wax is obtained from the carnauba palm, which grows in Brazil. The leaves are cut, dried for 3 days, and sent to the beater house.
Carnauba wax
This probably the best-known wax. It is made from honeycombs by solvent extraction, expression, or boiling in water.
Beeswax
In ___________, a molecule crystallizes when its three fatty acids are saturated.
directed interesterification
________ of the catalyst stops the reaction.
Neutralization
The food fat processor can change the character of the side chain fatty acids by hydrogenation and change their relative positions in the triglyceride randomly or controllably by what process
Interesterification
In addition to the formation of more saturated compounds during hydrogenation, the reaction may be accompanied by the formation of isomeric unsaturated fatty acids.
ISOMERIZATION REACTIONS
This oil, whose OILS, FATS & WAXES value was known long before INDUSTRY the discovery of vitamins, was originally prepared by storing fish in barrels and allowing them to rot until the oil floated to the top.
Cod-liver oil
This oil is now obtained from modern floating factory ships which catch, butcher, and process the mammals at the scene of the catch. To prepare the oil, the blubber is stripped from the flesh and boiled in open digesters.
Whale oil
The skin, bones, and feet of cattle exclusive of the hoofs) are cooked or rendered in water for 10h to separate the fat.
Neat’s-foot oil
is accomplished by blowing superheated steam through the oil (if hydrogenated, while it is still hot and in the liquid stage) under a high vacuum of 138 to 800 Pa and 210 to 275°C.
Deodorization
wherein polyunsaturated fatty acids can be largely converted to monounsaturated acids before there is significant conversion of the monounsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids.
Selective, or directed, hydrogenation
may be defined as the conversion of various unsaturated radicals of fatty glycerides into more highly or completelynsaturated glycerides by the addition of hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst.
Hydrogenation
is accomplished by the use of adsorptive bentonite clays for edible oils, and alternatively by chemical reactions for nonedible ones.
Bleaching
is the fastest growing of the edible oils, largely because of its high percentage (68%) of the polyunsaturated fatty acid, linoleic acid.
Safflower oil
This well-known oil is obtained from the seeds, or beans, of the castor plant found in most tropical regions.
Castor oil
is obtained from the fruit of the tung tree, which grows extensively in China. Since 1923, large-scale planting has been carried out in Florida, and ______ production has become one of the prime industries of that state.
Tung oil
is produced by either the hydraulic press or the Anderson expeller, from deskinned peanuts grown in the various southern states. The cold, first expression (about 18 percent) is edible, and some is hydrogenated.
Peanut oil
is prepared from the fruit of the palm tree, which has been cultivated on plantations in Indonesia, the Malay Peninsula, and elsewhere.
Palm oil
coconut kernel that has been shelled, cut up, and heat-dried at the point where grown.
Copra
is due to the occurrence of a much greater than random proportion of disaturated triglyceride molecules containing stearic, palmitic, and unsaturated fatty acid chains.
Graininess
Solvent extraction recovers up to _____ of the cottonseed oil
98 percent
consume 9 percent of all inedible oils
The drying-oil industries
In 1850, the use of ______ to remove free acids from oil was introduced from France.
caustic soda
