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CPI Midterms > Glass Industry > Flashcards

Glass Industry Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of glass, physically

A

a rigid, undercooled liquid having no definite melting point and a sufficiently high viscosity (greater than 1012 Pa.s) to prevent crystallization.

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2
Q

Definition of glass, chemically

A

combination of nonvolatile inorganic oxides formed by the decomposition and fusion of alkali and alkaline earth compounds, sand, and other glass constituents, resulting in a product with a random atomic structure.

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3
Q

Glass has many uses because of its

A

transparency, high resistance to chemical attack, effectiveness as an electrical insulator, and ability to contain a vacuum.

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4
Q

Ancient Phoenician merchants discovered glass while

A

cooking a metal in a vessel place accidentally upon a mass of trona at the seashore

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5
Q

were making sham jewels of glass which were often of fine workmanship and marked beauty.

A

As early as 6000 or 5000 B.C the Egyptians

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6
Q

invented the hand-blown window glass cylinder.

A

A monk from the twelfth century

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7
Q

Glass work in the United States were founded in

A

1608 at Jamestown, Virginia, and in 1639 at Salem, Massachusetts

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8
Q

Major ingredients of glass

A

Sand
Lime
Soda ash

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9
Q

The most important factors in making glass are

A

viscosity of molten oxides and the relation between this viscosity and composition

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10
Q

commercial glasses fall into several classes

A
  1. Fused silica (vitreous silica)
  2. Alkali silicates
  3. Soda-lime glass
  4. Lead glass
  5. Borosilicate glass
  6. Special glasses
  7. Glass fibers
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11
Q

Made by the high-temperature pyrolysis of silicon tetrachloride or by fusion of quartz or pure sand.

A

Fused silica

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12
Q

is widely consumed as an adhesive for paper in the manufacture of corrugated paper boxes.

A

Silicates of soda solution also known as water (soluble) glass

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13
Q

• Sand and soda ash are simply melted together, and the products designated sodium silicates
• It aided the glass technologist in understanding the behavior of more complicated systems

A

Alkali silicates

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14
Q

• constitutes 95% of all glass manufactured
• Used for containers of all kinds, flat glass, automobile, and other windows, tumblers, and tableware.

A

Soda-lime glass

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15
Q

• obtained by substituting lead oxide for calcium oxide in the glass melt
• Because of their high index of refraction and dispersion, these glasses are extremely useful in optical work

A

Lead glass

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16
Q

• usually contains about 10 to 20% B2O3, 80 to 87% Silica and less than 10% Na2O.
• has a low expansion coefficient, superior resistance to shock, excellent chemical stability, and high electrical resistance.

A

Borosilicate glass

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17
Q

the laboratory glassware made from borosilicate glass is sold under the tradename

A

Pyrex

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18
Q

Colored and coated, opal, translucent, safety, optical, photochromic glasses, and glass ceramics are ______. All of these have varying compositions depending upon the final product desired

A

Special glasses

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19
Q

• produced from special glass compositions that are resistant to weather conditions.
• The very large surface area of the fibers makes them vulnerable to attack by moisture in the air.
• This glass is low in silica, about 55%, and low in alkali

A

Glass fibers

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20
Q

Raw materials of glass

A
  1. Sand
  2. Soda
  3. Feldspar
  4. Borax
  5. Salt cake
  6. Cullet
  7. Refractory blocks
  8. Decolorizer
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21
Q

manufacturing sequences

A

• Transportation of raw materials to the plant
• Sizing of some raw materials
• Conveying, weighing, and mixing raw materials, and feeding them into the glass furnace
• Burning of the fuel to secure the temperature needed for glass formation
• Reactions in the furnace to form glass
• Saving of heat by regeneration or recuperation
• Shaping of glass products
• Annealing of glass products
• Finishing of glass products

22
Q

manufacturing procedures may be divided into four major phases

A

Melting
Shaping or forming
Annealing
Finishing

23
Q

Glass furnaces may be classified as either

A

pot or tank furnaces

24
Q

For special glasses like optical glass. Raw materials are melted in _____ made of ceramic material capacities varying from 1-2 tons and is used for small production batches

A

pot furnace

25
Q

Molten glass is obtained by melting the raw materials in 1350-1400 ton capacity regenerative _______ and can be used in continuous processes.

A

tank furnace

26
Q

types of machine molding

A

• Fourcault process : window glass
• Colburn process : window glass
• Continuous automatic process : plate glass
• Float process : float glass
• Glass blowing : bottles, light bulbs, tubing

27
Q

an example of a “vertical draw” process, in that the glass is drawn gainst gravity in an upward direction

A

Fourcault process

28
Q

Fourcault process is a method of manufacturing flat glass. First developed

A

in Belgium by Émile Fourcault (1862–1919) during the early 1900s

29
Q

is a heated chamber in which the rate of cooling can be controlled

A

The lehr or annealing oven

30
Q

the production of sheet glass using began with an iron rod as “bait” immersed lengthwise in a shallow tank of molten glass.

A

Colburn process

31
Q

used to make high-quality, flat glass for the construction and automotive industry

A

Float process

32
Q

used to make thin-walled hollow glass items, such as bottles and glass containers.

A

Glass blowing

33
Q

two primary methods of making glass containers:

A

blow and blow method for narrow-neck containers only, and the press and blow method used for jars and tapered narrow-neck containers.

34
Q

When glass cools from the forming range to room temperature , thermal stresses develop that adversely affect strength properties. _______ is done to eliminate this stress.

A

Annealing

35
Q

All types of annealed glass must undergo certain finishing operations, which are simple and important. These include:

A

• Cleaning.
• Grinding.
• Polishing.
• Cutting.
• Sandblasting.
• Grading etc

36
Q

MANUFACTURE OF SPECIAL GLASSES

A

FUSED SILICA GLASS
HIGH-SILICA GLASS
COLORED AND COATED GLASSES
SAFETY GLASS
FOTOFORM
PHOTOCHROMIC SILICATE GLASSES
GLASS-CERAMIC
FIBERGLASS

37
Q

vitreous silica, may be made by fusing pure silica, but such products are usually blebby and difficult to produce in transparent form.

A

FUSED SILICA GLASS

38
Q

known as Vycor. This method of glass manufacture furnishes a product that can be heated to a cherry red and then plunged into ice water without any ill effects.

A

HIGH-SILICA GLASS

39
Q

Colored glass may be one of three types:

A

a) Color is produced by the absorption of certain light frequencies by agents in solution in the glass.
b) Color is produced by colloidal particles precipitated within an originally colorless glass by heat treatment.
c) Color is produced by microscopic or larger particles which may be colored themselves, such as selenium reds (SeO2) used in traffic lights, lantern globes, etc., or the particles may be colorless, producing opalescent glass.

40
Q

made by depositing transparent metallic films on the surface of clear or colored glass.

A

Coated glass

41
Q

clear when molten but become opalescent as the glass is worked into form

A

Opal or translucent glasses

42
Q

produced by growing nonmetallic crystals from nucleated silver particles developed from an original clear glass containing silver.

A

Opal glass

43
Q

Safety glass may be grouped into two general classes

A

Laminated safety glass
Heat-strengthened (or tempered) or case-hardened safety glass

44
Q

most widely used in this country, consists of two sheets of thin plate glass, each of which is about 3 mm thick, with a sheet of nonbrittle plastic material between.

A

Laminated safety glass

45
Q

• very strong and tough. It is used for doors and windows of automobiles and for pipe.
• It possesses high internal stresses and, if the surface is broken, shatters into many pieces

A

Heat-strengthened (or tempered) or case-hardened safety glass

46
Q

a photosensitive glass that is essentially a lithium silicate modified by potassium oxide and aluminum oxide and contains traces of cerium and silver compounds as photosensitive ingredients.

A

Fotoform

47
Q

supplement the just presented Fotoform glass

A

Photochromic silicate glasses

48
Q

Photochromic silicate glasses possess the following unusual properties:

A

• optical darkening in light from ultraviolet through the visible spectrum;
• optical bleaching, or fading in the dark;
• thermal bleaching at higher temperatures.

49
Q

material that is melted and formed as glass, and then converted largely to a crystalline ceramic by processes of controlled devitrification.

A

GLASS-CERAMIC

50
Q

although not a new product, owes its enhanced usefulness to its extreme fineness (often about 10nm but it may down to 5 nm or less). A special glass, low in silica, is used for the production of fibers.

A

FIBERGLASS

51
Q

Itisalso known as recycled glass

A

Cullet

CPI Midterms (4 decks)

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