Oils, earth and atmosphere

Question 1

What is cracking?

Answer 1

When a long polymer is broken down into small ones

Question 2

What is the method for cracking?

Answer 2

It’s a thermal decomposition reaction

The long chain hydrocarbon is evaporated and passed along a catalyst (eg. Aluminium oxide)

The long chain hydrocarbon splits apart on the surface of the catalyst

Question 3

What does unsaturated and saturated mean?

Answer 3

Unsaturated - when all the bonds aren’t fulfilled (there’s a double bond)

Saturated - when all the bonds are filled

Question 4

What is the Alkene general formula?

Answer 4

Cn H2n

Question 5

What is the test to check for an alkene?

Answer 5

An alkene will turn bromide water from orange to colourless, because the double bond opens up and joins with the bromine

Question 6

What is made when ethene reacts with steam?

Answer 6

Ethanol

Question 7

What is the word equation for fermentation?

Answer 7

Sugar > Carbon dioxide + ethanol

Question 8

Give an example of a smart material in everyday life

Answer 8

Memory foam - gets softer the warmer it gets

Question 9

How do we extract oils from plants?

Answer 9

Press them so the oil comes out and let them drip

Question 10

What is hydrogenation?

Answer 10

Hardening an unsaturated polymer by reacting them with hydrogen in the presence of a nickel catalyst

Question 11

What is emulsion?

Answer 11

When droplets of one liquid is suspended in another liquid

Question 12

What makes an emulsion thicker?

Answer 12

Adding more oils

Question 13

What is an emulsifier?

Answer 13

Molecules with one part that’s attracted to water and one part attracted to oil or fat

The bit attracted to water is hydrophilic

The bit attracted to oils is hydrophobic

Question 14

What do emulsifiers do?

Answer 14

They stop oil and water from separating out, as the hydrophilic cells repel the oil and hydrophobic cells go into the oil, binding them together

This increased shelf life

Question 15

What is the evolution of the atmosphere?

Answer 15

Phase 1: the earth is bubbling lava, all the volcanoes release CO2 and water vapour, creating the atmosphere and oceans via condensation

Phase 2: algae and plants that rely on CO2 evolve. The early CO2 dissolved in the ocean and the plants absorb it, releasing out oxygen as a waste product

Phase 3: The build up of oxygen kills carbon based plants and new plants evolve that can survive in oxygen, this oxygen builds the ozone layer so animals evolve

Question 16

What is the primordial soup theory?

Answer 16

Lightning struck the gases of earth, resulting in the formation of amino acids

These amino acids collected in a primordial soup and combined to produce organic matter which evolved into living organisms