Atoms, bonding and moles

Question 1

What is filtration?

Answer 1

A method to separate insoluble molecules from each other by merely passing them through a mesh (filtration paper) that only one molecule can fit through

Question 2

What is crystallisation

Answer 2

A method to separate soluble materials from each other, by using a water bath to evaporate the liquid to leave just the dissolved solid in the basin

Question 3

what is distillation?

Answer 3

Crystallisation but gaining the evaporated solvent

A solution is boiled and the vapour given off is channelled through a condenser (a glass tube with cold water flowing through it to condense the vapour) and the liquid vapour now drips into a beaker

Question 4

What is fractional distillation?

Answer 4

Where a mixture is boiled and condensed, however to separate the mixture they have a column to separate the different boiling points

The solution is pumped in and heated, evaporating it. The vapours rise up the tube, getting further away from the heat and cooling down at different points depending on their boiling points and getting siphoned off, separating the mixture

Question 5

what is chromotography?

Answer 5

A method to separate and identify substances from solutions with paper.

A capillary tube is used to dab a bit of solution on the bottom of the paper.
The paper is then placed in water
Water soaks up the paper and runs with the dissolved solution and depending on how far the solution travels shows it’s solubility

Question 6

What is the gold foil experiment and what did it discover?

Answer 6

Alpha particles were shot at a thin piece of gold foil and were expected to pass right through
The occasional alpha particle was reflected back, showing it had hit something

This proved that the nucleus was a thing

Question 7

What is an isotope?

Answer 7

The same element with a different number of neutrons

Question 8

Who was Mendeleev and what did he do?

Answer 8

He rearranged the periodic table in order of atomic weights and left space for other elements that had not been discovered but fit the gaps

Question 9

What is group 0 of the periodic table called?

Answer 9

The noble gases

Question 10

What is group 1 of the periodic table called?

Answer 10

The alkali metals

Question 11

What are the properties of alkali metals?

Answer 11

Very reactive

their reactivity increases the further down you go

Low density

Question 12

What is group 7 of the periodic?

Answer 12

The halogens

Question 13

What are properties of the halogens?

Answer 13

They’re toxic

Low melting and boiling points

Poor conductors

Question 14

What are the differences in reactivity between the halogens and the alkali metals

Answer 14

The alkali metals get more reactive as you go down the group

Halogens get less reactive as you go down the group

Question 15

What are properties of transition metals?

Answer 15

Shiny
Good conductors
Hard and strong
High densities
High melting points

Question 16

What is a compound?

Answer 16

Two or more elements that are chemically combined

Question 17

Why are noble gases not reactive?

Answer 17

They have a stable amount of electrons

Question 18

What is covalent bonding?

Answer 18

When electrons are shared between elements to get a full outer shell (Mostly between a non-metal and non-metal)

Question 19

What is ionic bonding?

Answer 19

When electrons are given to other elements to create a full outer shell, creating ions

Usually in a metal and non-metal reaction

Question 20

How do you draw an ion in a diagram?

Answer 20

The atom with a bracket around it and it’s charge at the top

Question 21

What structure does ionic bonding create?

Answer 21

A giant structure or giant lattice

Question 22

What does the group number of an element give?

Answer 22

The number of electrons in the outer shell

Question 23

Is an ionic lattice strong?

Answer 23

Yes, as they are tightly packed and the ions have strong electrostatic bonds of attraction towards each other

Question 24

Why can a solid ion compound not conduct electricity but a molten one can?

Answer 24

The charged ions can’t move around in a solid, but in a liquid they can so it can produce a current

Question 25

Are covalent bonds strong?

Answer 25

Yes, as the electrons are stuck between two protons, meaning they are pulling in both ways

Question 26

How do you draw a covalent bond on a diagram?

Answer 26

Like a venn diagram with the shared electrons in the intersection

Question 27

Is the intermolecular forces in a covalent structure strong?

Answer 27

No, although the covalent bond itself is

Question 28

Do intermolecular forces increase or decrease as particles get bigger?

Answer 28

Increases, so larger molecules have higher melting and boiling points

Question 29

What is a polymer?

Answer 29

A chain of repeating units

Question 30

How can you raw a polymer?

Answer 30

A single unit with brackets around it and the number of repeats at the bottom

Question 31

Do covalent bonds conduct electricity?

Answer 31

No as there is no overall charge

Question 32

What structure is diamond?

Answer 32

A giant covalent structure

Question 33

What are properties of giant covalent structures?

Answer 33

high melting point and boiling point
insoluble in water
Hard and don’t conduct electricity (apart from graphite)

Question 34

Why can graphite layers slide over each other?

Answer 34

The molecules are arranged in layers with no covalent bonds, only weak intermolecular forces