Offer and Acceptance Flashcards
3 elements of a contract
Agreement (offer & acceptance)
Intention to create legal relations
Consideration
Presumption that there is an intention to create legal relations in commercial agreements
Edwards v Skyways
Presumption that non-commercial agreements were not intended to create legal relations
Balfour v Balfour
Definition of ‘offer’ by Treitel
an expression of willingness; to contract; on certain terms; with the intention; that it shall become binding; as soon as it is accepted
Self-service display in shop is an invitation to treat
Pharmaceutical Society of GB v Boots
Goods on display are an invitation to treat
Fisher v Bell
Tenders are an invitation to treat, unless unilateral contract
(depends on wording of invitation)
Spencer v Harding
Harvela Investments
Advertisments are an invitation to treat; unless
offering reward; or
unilateral contract
Patridge v Crittenden;
Williams v Carwarding’
Carlill v Carbolic
Auctions with reserve price
Contract between seller and bidder once auctioneer completes sale (fall of hammer)
s.57 Sale of Goods Act 1979
Auctions without reserve price
Unilateral contract between auctioneer and bidder that auctioneer will accept highest bid.
Barry v Davies
Definition of Acceptance
‘an unqualified assent to the terms of an offer’
Acceptance must be communicated by offeree
Entores
Acceptance can be communicated by authorised agent
Powell v Lee
Acceptance need not be communicated if there is a unilateral contract
Carlill v Carbolic
Silence cannot constitute acceptance; unless
Offer binds themselves to contract by silence
Felthouse v Bindley;
Re Selectmove Ltd
Counter offer is implied rejection
Hyde v Wrench
Questions about an offer are not deemed as rejecting it, may be acceptance
Stevenson Jacques
Battle of the forms - ‘last shot wins’
Brogden v Metropolitan Railway Co;
Butler Machine v Ex-Cell-O
Postal Rule Exemptions
Adams v Lindsell
A letter of acceptance will become binding when posted if:
- reasonable to use post as method of communication
- properly posted
- offeror did not exclude postal rule impliedly/expressly (Holwell v Hughes)
If conditions for postal rule exemption are satisfied, the letter need not actually arrive to be valid
Household Fire and Carriage Accident Insurance v Grant
General rule - An offer can be revoked at any time before acceptance
Routledge v Grant
Exception to revocation rule
Offeree has given consideration to offerer to keep offer open
Mountford v Scott
Exception to revocation rule
If unilateral contract and act of acceptance has begun
Errington v Errington & Woods
Revocation must be communicated by offeror
Byrne v Van Tienhoven
Revocation can be communicated by reliable third party
Dickinson v Dodds
If revocation received but not read, and could be reasonably assumed that staff would be at work, it will be deemed to be communicated
The Brimnes
If offer made to public, revocation can be made through same channel as offer, provided it has same prominence
Shuey v United States (US Law)
An offer will lapse if:
There is an express condition; or
After a reasonable time period.
(Will depend on facts)