Offender Profiling: Bottom-Up Approach Flashcards
What is the British bottom up approach?
Data-driven
What does it involve?
A more rigorous approach looking at the details of the crime including their likely characteristics, routine behaviour and social background
What are the two types of bottom up approach?
- Investigative psychology
- Geographical profiling
What did David Canter suggest about investigate psychology?
That profiling could be developed according to psychological theory and research
What are the three main features of the investigative psychology approach?
- Interpersonal coherence
- Forensic awareness
- Smallest space analysis
What is interpersonal coherence?
People tend to be consistent in their behaviours and will likely find similarities between how people behave with the crime and everyday life
What is forensic awareness?
Criminal behaviours may reveal an awareness of police procedure and techniques
What is smallest space analysis?
A statistic technique developed by Canter, this showed that data could be used to identify the probable location of offenders
What are the 3 underlying fees of smallest space analysis?
- Instrumental opportunistic
- Instrumental cognitive
- Expressive impulsive
What is instrumental opportunistic?
Where the murder is used to accomplish a goal but the offender took the easiest opportunity to commit the crime
What is instrumental cognitive?
A particular concern about being detected and therefore the crime was planned
What is expressive impulsive?
Uncontrolled and in the head of the moment, criminal may claim to have had feelings of being provoked
What is geographical profiling?
People do not reveal by the type of crime they commit but by the locations they choose
What is statistically more likely?
Offenders will commit crimes near where they live or where they travel in their daily routine
What does geographical profiling do?
Analyses the locations. to a connected series of crimes and considers where the crimes were committed, the spatial relationships between crime scenes and how these may rewlhe to the offenders place of residence
What is the circle theory?
Canter and Larkin proposed that most offenders have a spatial mind set, committing crimes within an imagined circle
What are marauders?
The offenders home is within geographical area where the crimes are committed
What are commuters?
The offenders travel to another area around which a circle can be drawn
What is criminal geographic targeting (CGT)?
An algorithm to find common pints which can lead to the likely locator of the criminal
What is an example of bottom up approach?
John Duffy, he carried out 24 sexual attacks and 4 murders in women
What did David Canter do?
Analysed geographical details about the attacks with details of similar attacks in the past, he drew up a profile which led to Duffy’s arrest and conviction
What are 3 evaluation points?
- Works for different crimes: widely applied
- Evidence based: more scientific, more reliable
- Concentrates on location: miss important information
