Oesophagus and Stomach

Question 1

At what levels does the oesophagus start and end?

Answer 1

C5

T10

Question 2

What is the organisation of the epithelial layer in the oesophagus?

Answer 2

Stratified squamous

Question 3

What type of epithelium does the oesophagus have?

Answer 3

Non-keratnising

Question 4

How many sphincters does the oesophagus have?

Answer 4

2 - Upper/lower oesophageal sphincter

Question 5

What triggeres the opening of the oesophageal sphincter?

Answer 5

Swallowing

Question 6

What type of muscle are the oesophageal sphincters made of?

Answer 6

Upper: Skeletal
Lower: Smooth

Question 7

What happens if you food cannot pass down the oesophagus?

Answer 7

Signal to brain

Initiates second peristaltic wave

Question 8

What is the organisation of epithelial cells in the stomach?

Answer 8

Simple columnar

to facilitate absorption

Question 9

What muscle prevents reflux from the lower oesophageal sphincter?

Answer 9

Diaphragm

Question 10

What are the gastric folds in the stomach called?

Answer 10

Rugae

Question 11

What is the purpose of the gastric folds?

Answer 11

When stomach is empty it can get smaller

When full, allows stomach to get larger

Question 12

What is the top of the stomach called?

Answer 12

Fundus

Question 13

What is region of the stomach at the entry?

Answer 13

Cardiac

Question 14

What is the main section of the stomach called?

Answer 14

Body

Question 15

What is released in the Cardiac region and Pyloric canal?

Answer 15

Mucus only

Question 16

What is secreted in the Body and fundus?

Answer 16

Mucus, HCL, Pepsinogen

Question 17

How much acid does the stomach produce a day?

Answer 17

2L

Question 18

What does mucus contain in the stomach?

Answer 18

HCO3- trapped in mucus gel to neutralise acid to protect cells

Question 19

What are the two types of stomach contractions, what do they do?

Answer 19

Peristalsis 20%

• To move food down further into system
• Triggered by vagus nerve

Segmentation 80%

• Weaker, mixes contents
• Fluid chyme moved towards pyloric sphincter
• Solid chyme moved towards fundus

Question 20

What is the cell types in the stomach that secretes proteins (pepsinogen)?

Answer 20

Chief cell

Question 21

What is present in the chief cell?

Answer 21

Lots of RER
Many golgi
Mass of apical granules for secretion

Question 22

What cell in the stomach produces acid?

Answer 22

Parietal cells

Question 23

What cell in the stomach produces acid?

Answer 23

Parietal cells

Question 24

What two structures are (specially) present in parietal cells?

Answer 24

Cytoplasmic Tubulovesicles -

Internal Canaliculi

Question 25

What converts Pepsinogen into active Pepsin?

Answer 25

HCl

Question 26

What does the pyloric antrum produce?

Answer 26

Gastrin

Question 27

What is Gastrin?

Answer 27

Endocrine hormone that travels to body of stomach!!!!!!!!!

Question 28

What are the three phases of Gastric secretion?

Answer 28

Cephalic Gastric Intestinal

Question 29

What causes the cephalic phase of secretion?

Answer 29

Thought, sight, smell and taste of food causes signal to be sent from vagus nerve to release ACh to Parietal cells

Question 30

What triggers the gastric phase of secretion?

Answer 30

Stretch and chemo receptors

Question 31

What is food that has passed through the stomach called?

Answer 31

Chyme

Question 32

What triggers the Intestinal phase of stomach secretion?

Answer 32

pH < 2 or lipids in intestine

Question 33

What happens if the chyme entering the intestine has a high protein concentration?

Answer 33

Intestinal phase causes Antrum to secrete more gastrin to try harder to break down proteins in the food that remains in the stomach

Question 34

What are the four sections of the Gut wall?

Answer 34

Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis Serosa/Adventitia

Question 35

What cells does the mucosa contain?

Answer 35

Epithelial cells Lamina propria Muscularis mucosae

Question 36

What does the submucosa contain?

Answer 36

Connective tissue | W/nerve plexus

Question 37

What is the middle oesophagus comprised of?

Answer 37

Both skeletal and smooth muscle (neither voluntarily controlled)

Question 38

What is the last section of the stomach?

Answer 38

Pyloric canal

Question 39

What section of the stomach secretes Gastrin, and where is it found?

Answer 39

Pyloric antrum, just before Pyloric canal