Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Karan - MBBS Year 1: Gastrointestinal Week 1 > Oesophageal and Gastric Cancer > Flashcards

Oesophageal and Gastric Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 surgical divisions of the oesophagus?

A

Cervical
Upper Thoracic
Middle Thoracic
Lower Thoracic/Gastro-Oesophageal Junction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 2 types of oesophageal cancer?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What parts of the oesophagus do squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma affect?

A
  • SQUAMOUS - Cervical to middle thoracic
  • ADENOCARCINOMA - Lower thoracic to abdominal oesophagus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Male
Old age
Alcohol
Smoking
Hot beverages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the risk factors for adenocarcinoma?

A

Male
Old age
Obesity
Reflux
Barrett’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Barrett’s oesophagus?

A

Change in any portion of the normal squamous oesophageal epithelium to a metaplastic columnar epithelium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the progression from GERD to adenocarcinoma.

A
  • GERD (Reflux)
  • Barrett’s
  • Low grade dysplasia
  • High grade dysplasia
  • Adenocarcinoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is Barrett’s oesophagus treated?

A

Radiofrequency treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the symptoms of oesophageal cancer?

A
  • Pressure on chest
  • Difficulty swallowing
  • Indigestion and heartburn
  • Weight loss
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is used to diagnose and stage oesophageal cancer?

A

Endoscopy
CT chest abdomen pelvis
PET
Staging laparoscopy
EUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name some ways oesophageal cancer is treated and when it is used.

A
  • Endoscopic treatment - for early cancer in patients with positive prognosis. Less frequent - because hard to diagnose early on
  • Oncological and surgical treatment - for advanced cancer in patients with worse prognoses
  • Palliative care - when too late to operate - stabilises disease and treats symptoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When is 2-stage oesophagectomy (surgery) used?

A
  • Goes to chest and abdomen
  • For cancers in lower oesophagus and GOJ
  • More frequent in adenocarcinoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When is 3-stage oesophagectomy (surgery) used?

A
  • Goes to neck, chest and abdomen
  • For cancers in superior and middle oesophagus
  • More frequent in squamous cell carcinoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 3 types of surgical access in surgical treatment of the oesophagus?

A
  • Open surgery (laparotomy/thoracotomy)
  • Laparoscopic
  • Robotic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is usually done during oesophageal cancer palliative treatment?

A
  • Nutrition
  • Dysphagia (unable to swallow) ➔ oesophageal stent
  • Pain control
  • Palliative chemotherapy/radiotherapy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the routes of treatment for someone with squamous cell carcinoma?

A
  • Endoscopic (if early cancer)
  • Surgery
  • Chemo-radiotherapy + surgery
  • Curative chemoradiotherapy
16
Q

What are the routes of treatment for someone with adenocarcinoma?

A
  • Endoscopic (if early cancer)
  • Surgery
  • Chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy alongside surgery
17
Q

What are the main challenges in treating oesophageal cancer?

A
  • Lack of awareness
  • Need for promotion of screening
  • Delayed diagnosis
  • Surgery is very invasive
  • Poor survival rates
  • Association of Barrett’s with cancer
18
Q

What are the risk factors for gastric cancer?

A

Male
>50 years
Low socioeconomic status
Helicobacter pylori
EBV
Smoking
Drinking
Obesity
Atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
Family history
Previous gastric surgery

19
Q

What are the types of gastric cancer?

A
  • ADENOCARCINOMA - Inestinal or diffuse types
  • Lymphoma
  • GIST, Neuroendocrine
20
Q

How can chronic superficial gastritis progress to cancer?

A
  • Intestinal metaplasia
  • Dysplasia
  • Gastric cancer
21
Q

What is used to diagnose and stage gastric cancer?

A

Endoscopy
CT chest abdomen pelvis
Staging laparoscopy

21
Q

List some symptoms of gastric cancer.

A
  • Weight loss
  • Vomiting blood or blood in stool
  • Poor appetite
  • Heartburn
  • Nausea
  • Stomach pain
  • Persistent vomiting and indigestion
22
Q

How can gastric cancer be treated?

A
  • Endoscopic treatment
  • Curative treatment - surgery and/or chemotherapy
  • Palliative care
23
Q

What are the 2 types of chemotherapy?

A
  • Neoadjuvant (before surgery)
  • Adjuvant (after surgery)
24
Q

Give examples of surgical treatment for benign tumours leading to gastric cancer

A
  • Wedge resection
  • Sleeve resection
  • Distal gastrectomy
25
Q

Give examples of surgical treatment for adenocarcinoma leading to gastric cancer

A
  • DISTAL TUMOURS - Subtotal gastrectomy
  • PROXIMAL TUMOURS - Total gastrectomy

Karan - MBBS Year 1: Gastrointestinal Week 1 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions